A PPT presentation on B. Tech .

, Technical to fulfill the Academic requirements

SURGE CURRENT PROTECTION USING

SUPER CONDUCTORS
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR PRESENTED BY
DR. V. RAVI PRASAD B. BALAJI(18F11A0205)
PROFESSOR
 List of contents

1.ABSTRACT

2.INTRODUCTION

3.NEED FOR SCFCL

4.CONCEPT OF SUPERCONDUCTIVE
FAULT-CURRENT LIMITER

5.DIFFERENT TYPES OF SCFCL

6.APPLICATIONS OF SCFCL

7.FUTURE SCOPE

8.CONCLUSION

9.REFERENCE
 ABSTRACT

A superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) for medium voltage networks
cooled by a cryo-cooler was designed, built and tested by the current author. For the
construction of this limiter, a high-temperature second generation superconducting
tape used. In this limiter, it is possible to change the working temperature. The
possibility of changing the operating temperature allows for adjusting the parameters
of the limiter to the electric power needs.

 Adjusting the parameters of the limiter to the power needs is a key problem to
solve, resulting from the ambiguous characteristics of HTS tapes.

 The electric power mechanism does not tolerate any liquids. After analyzing the
experimental results and after analyzing the results from the numerical models of the
limiter, the concepts of using superconductors to limit current in the power industry
were changed: the transition from a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) to
a superconducting surge current limiter (SSCL).
Introduction

 Future power systems will experience an increase of dense

urban power systems and an increased penetration of
distributed power generation, both leading to increasingly
high fault current levels.

 It has been an old dream of electrical engineers to have a

Fault Current Limiter, which will enable reduced
mechanical and thermal stresses on electric equipment in a
power system by reducing short-circuit currents in the
event of a fault.

 There fore any reduction of these Fault currents can lead

to significant cost savings
DIFFERENT OPTIONS TO REDUCE SHORT-
CIRCUIT CURRENTS
 NEED FOR SUPERCONDUCTOR BASED
FAULT CURRENT LIMITER
.
A fault current limiter is required to assure
 (1) rapid reaction to fault currents,
(2) Low impedance in normal operation
(3) large impedance during fault conditions.

Superconductors offer a way to break through system design

constraints by presenting an impedance to the electrical system
that varies depending on operating conditions.

In the event of a fault, the limiter inserts impedance into the

circuit and limits the fault current.
2 2 2nd 2nd REVIEW
Concept of Superconductive Fault-Current Limiter

 SCFCL is innovative electric equipment which has the

capability to reduce fault current level within the first cycle of
fault cur- rent. SFCL have zero impedance under the normal
condi- tion and large impedance under fault condition.

 A superconductor is inserted in the circuit. For a full-load

current of IFL, the superconductor would be designed to have a
critical current of 2IFL or 3IFL. During a fault, the fault current
pushes the superconductor into a resistive state and resistance R
appears in the circuit.
TYPES OF SUPER CONDUCTING
FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS

 Resistive type SCFCL

 Bridge type SCFCL

 DC biased iron core type SCFCL

 Inductive type SC or
Shielded iron core type SCFCL

 Fault current controller type SCFCL

 The Inductive Limiter
This limiter is suitable for high-current circuits (IL > 1000 A). One phase of
the limiter is shown. A copper winding WCu is inserted in the circuit and is
coupled to an HTS winding WHTS. During normal operation, a zero impedance
is reflected to the primary. Resistance developed in the HTS winding during a
fault is reflected to the primary and limits the fault.

The impedance of this limiter in the steady state is nearly zero, since the zero
impedance of the secondary (HTS) winding is reflected to the primary. In the
event of a fault, the large current in the circuit induces a large current in the
secondary and the winding loses superconductivity. The resistance in the
secondary is reflected into the circuit and limits the fault
APPLICATIONS OF SUPER CONDUCTING
FAULT CURRENT LIMITER

1. Grids, where the Ipf has reached the design value of the breakers :
a. Grid – Coupling
b. Additional power source in existing grid

2. New Installations :
a. Protection of Auxilary line
b. Supply of local industry on MV level
c. Several generators connected to one busbar
d. Transformer with reduced impedance
e. New grids (Industrial , Distribution , Transmission.
LOCATIONS OF SCFCL IN POWER SYSTEM
Advantages of Superconducting
Fault Current Limiters

This SCFCL offers efficient advantages to power system and

opens up a major application for superconducting materials. Detects
surges of power and redirects it to superconducting coils where it is
absorbed at a considerably higher ratio than normal fault current
limiters

superconducting controllers Requires minimal maintenance.

With current limiters, the utility can provide a low-impedance,

stiff system with a low fault-current level, and allows utilities to
increase line power capacity
 WORLD'S FIRST SUPERCONDUCTING
CURRENT
LIMITER

The new current limiter is the world's first

superconducting device to go into service in a power plant. The
prototype was installed in the Löntsch hydropower plant, near
Glarus in central Switzerland, in September 1996 for long-term
performance monitoring under actual operating conditions
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUPER CONDUCTING
FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS

To commercialize SCFCLs it is essential to further improve their

properties (e.g. superconductor AC loss, semiconductor AC loss

The true application for the superconducting FCL is at

transmission voltages of 500 kV. The view of TEPCO researchers
is that this voltage range will require the introduction of HTS coils
(rather than LTS) to eliminate the helium gas from the system.
The Central Research Institute of the Electric Power
Industry (CRIEPI) ‘s Inductive limiter
 Future Scope
 TEPCO will develop a three-phase limiter over the next three
to four-years and test it in the grid within this century. The
current Plan is to introduce solid state breakers for distribution
before installing superconductive FCL.

 The true application for the superconducting FCL is at

transmission voltage of 500kV.
Conclusion:
 SCFCLs have superior technical performance in contrast to
conventional measures to limit short-circuit currents.

 At transmission voltage levels no conventional device exists

which exhibits a small impedance at nominal conditions and a
fast impedance increase at fault conditions.

 Therefore, the application of SCFCLs is highly desired and it

has been shown in several studies that there are many
attractive locations at distribution and transmission voltage
levels.
REFERENCE
 Song, W.; Pei, X.; Xi, J.; Zeng, X. A Novel Helical Superconducting Fault Current
Limiter for Electric Propulsion Aircraft. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. 2021, 7, 276–
286. [CrossRef]

 Zhu, J.; Zheng, N.; Wei, D.; He, M.; Wang, S.; Chen, P.; Yan, Z. Experimental Tests
of Critical Current and AC Loss for a Self-Triggering High Temperature
Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) with Magneto-Biased Field. IEEE
Trans. Appl. 2021, 31, 5602904. [CrossRef]

 Xi, J.; Pei, X.; Song, W.; Xiang, B.; Liu, Z.; Zeng, X. Experimental Tests of DC
SFCL Under Low Impedance and High Impedance Fault Conditions. IEEE Trans.
Appl. Supercond. 2021, 31, 5601205. [CrossRef]

 Moyzykh, M.; Gorbunova, D.; Ustyuzhanin, P.; Sotnikov, D.; Baburin, K.;
Maklakov, A.; Magommedov, E.; Shumkov, A.; Telnova, A.; Shcherbakov, V.; et al.
First Russian 220 kV Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) for
Application in City Grid. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2021, 31, 5601707.
[CrossRef]
THANK YOU