NAME – SHIVPOOJAN SINGH

COURSE- B.SC(HON.)MATHS
ROLL NO – 202110203110008

SUBMITTED TO – DR.ROHIT PRAKASH,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE
ALCOHOL
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 ALCOHOL
 CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS

 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS

 PREPRATION OF ALCOHOLS

 USES OF ALCOHOLS

 REFERENCES
 Introduction
1. Alcohols have the general formula R-OH and are
characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group,-
OH.
2. They are structurally similar to water , but with one
of the hydrogen’s replaced by an alkyl group .
3. Alcohols are important because they can be
converted into many other types of
compound ,including alkenes, halo-alkanes,
aldehydes, ketones , carboxylic acids, and
easter .Not only can alcohols be converted to these
compounds , but these compounds can also be
converted to alcohols .
 ALCOHOL
 Alcohols are compounds in which one or more
hydrogen atoms in alkane have been replaced by an
–OH group
 General Formula : CnH2n+1OH n = 1,2,3,…
 Functional Group : Hydroxyl
 Naming of alcohols :
 CLASSIFICATION OF
ALCOHOLS
 Primary Alcohol :
A primary (1°) alcohol is one in which the carbon
atom (in red) with the OH group is attached
to one other carbon atom (in blue). Its general
formula is RCH2OH.
 Secondary Alcohol

A secondary (2°) alcohol  is one in which the

carbon atom (in red) with the OH group is attached
to two other carbon atoms (in blue). Its general
formula is R2CHOH.
 Tertiary Alcohol

A tertiary (3°) alcohol is one in which the carbon

atom (in red) with the OH group is attached to
three other carbon atoms (in blue). Its general
formula is R3COH.
Physical Properties of
Alcohols
 Boiling Point
• Boiling point increases on increasing molecular weight . Molecular
weight directly proportional boiling point.
• Because Vander Waals forces increases with increase of
molecular wait. Boiling point inversely proportional to the
branching. This is because surface area for Vander Waals forces
decrease.
The Boiling Point Methanol, Propanol, Ethanol, Butanol Follows the order
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH>CH3CH2CH2OH>CH3CH2OH>CH3OH
  Solubility

• Alcohols Form strong H-bond with H2O Hence are

Soluble in H2O . Solubility Decreases as alkyl group
becomes larger Alcohols up to 3- Carbon are soluble
in H2O 4-Carbon alcohols are large enough that
some are not miscible in H20. however t-butyl
alcohols is miscible in H20 . (Due to Compact
spherical shape).
 Chemical Properties of
Alcohols
 Oxidation of Alcohol
• Alcohols undergo oxidation in the presence of an oxidizing
agent to produce aldehydes and ketones which upon further
oxidation give carboxylic acids.
 Dehydration of Alcohol

• Upon treatment with protic acids, alcohols undergo

dehydration (removal of a molecule of water) to form
alkenes. Dehydration of alcohol
 Preparation Of Alcohols

 Grignard Synthesis
• All three types of alcohol (primary, secondary and tertiary)
can be prepared from the Grignard reagents by interaction
with suitable carbonyl compounds.
 Hydrolysis of Alkyl Halides

• This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The method is not

a very effective one. This is because it has as olefins as
by-products.ion.

R-X  +  KOHaq  →  R-OH

 Uses OF Alcohol
There are several uses of alcohols. Some are listed below.
• Alcohols are consumed as beverages where the alcohols specifically
consist of 30–40 per cent of ethanol by volume.
• These are used as an anti-freezing agent with a mix of a solution
containing ethylene glycol dissolved in water.
• Alcohol ethanol is used as an antiseptic agent.
• Some alcohols are used as fuels in the internal combustion engines
like the methanol.
• In the field of medicine, a few of them are used as preservatives for the
specimens in laboratories
 REFERENCES

 Class Notes
 WWW.BYJUS.COM
 WWW.TOPPERS.COM
 WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM
 WWW.VEDANTU.COM
THANK YOU