Tire and Wheel

Contents
 Introduction
 Functions' of tire
 Types of tire
 Wheel balance
 TPMS
Introduction
What percent of a tire is rubber?
Composition of tire
 Raw Rubber
 Steel
 Nylon
 Polyester
 Rayon
 Carbon Black
 Synthetic Rubber
 Fiberglass
 Aramid
 Brass
 Cond’t…
 Who Invented The Why are Tires Black?
First Tire? To protect the rubber from the
harmful UV rays.
 It was invented in 1888, by
A common type of UV stabilizer
John Dunlop. called a competitive absorber is
 This would be the end of added to capture and absorb
the solid tire. these harmful UV light wave
energy.
All use the same competitive
absorber, carbon black.
Functions' of tire
 Supports the vehicle load
 Act as primary suspension
 Provide frictional contact with the road
 Front tires allow the wheel to steer
 Allows braking to slow or stop the vehicle
 It develops longitudinal force for acceleration and braking
and It develops lateral force for cornering
Properties of tire
 Non- skidding
 Uniform wear
 Load caring capacity
 Speed capacity
 Cushioning
 Noise
 balance
Tire construction
 Carcass (casing)
 The carcass is the framework of the tire.
 It consists of layer of tyre cords bonded
together with rubber.
 It must be rigid enough to hold in the
high pressure air, yet flexible enough to
absorb load changes and impact.
 Tread
 Is an external rubber layer protecting the
carcass from wears and external damage
caused by the road surface
 It is the part that directly contacts the road and
generates the tractive resistance that transmits
the vehicles driving and braking forces to the
road.
 The tread pattern consists of grooves moulded
into the tread surface, and is designed to help
the tire more effectively transmit these forces to
the road
Side Walls
 The side walls are rubber layer that
cover the sides of the tire and protect
the carcass from external damage.

 They bear the manufacturer's name, tire

size, and other information.
Tire ratings and side wall
information
 Includes the following information:
 tiretype
 section width
 aspect ratio
 construction type
 rim diameter
 load capacity, and
 speed symbol
Types of tire
Tube tire Tubeless tire
Cond’t…
 There are two main types of tires
available according to the cord
arrangement
 Bias Ply tires and

 Radial Ply tires.

Bias-ply tires (oldest design)
... Bias ply characterstics

• Allows the body of the tire to flex easily.

 This tends to improve cusioning action.
 Gives a smooth ride on rough roads.

• The greater the cord angle,

 the softer the carcass becomes.
 The lower its lateral stability.
Radial ply type
• the ply cords run in the radial direction i.e, in the
direction of the tyre axis.
Cond’t…
Cond’t…
Cond’t…
Wheel rim purpose
 Can be manufactured from steel, cast
aluminum, forged aluminum, pressure cast
chrome-plated aluminum, or magnesium
alloy
 Wheel rim must retain the tires safely
under all operating conditions without
distortion.
Wheel rim…
 Tire and wheels must form air-tight
containers at all temperatures so air does
not leak from the assembly
 Wheel rims must position the tires at the
proper distance inward or outward from the
vertical mounting surface of the wheel.
 Rim offset
 Isthe distance from the hub mounting
surface to the center line of the wheel.
 The rim offset affects front suspension
loading and operation.
 Measured in millimeters and results in
a positive, negative, or zero offset
Rim offset…
 Positiverim offset is mostly used
on front-wheel drive cars and
newer rear-drive vehicles
 Negative rim offset is mostly found
on trucks and off-road vehicles 
Static wheel balance
 With proper static balance, weight is equally
distributed around its axis of rotation,
 So, gravity will not force it to rotate from its rest
position
 Gravity acting on this heavy portion will cause the
wheel to rotate until the heavy part is located near
the bottom of the tire
 Results of static unbalance
 Centrifugal force attempts to move the heavy spot
on a tangent line away from the wheel axis.
 This action tends to lift the wheel assembly off the
road surface
 Also referred to as wheel tramp
 This action causes severe tire scuffing and cupping
Static unbalance…
 This action causes rapid wear on
suspension and steering components
 Passenger discomfort and driver fatigue
Static unbalance…
Dynamic wheel balance
 The weight is distributed equally on both
sides of the wheel center viewed from the
front
 If A&C are equal then B&D should also equal
in weight
 Dynamic unbalance
 Ifa tire has dynamic unbalance, section D may
have a heavy spot; thus, sections B&D have
different weights
 Centrifugal force moves the heavy spot toward
the tire centerline
 causes lateral wheel shake, or shimmy
Results of dynamic
unbalance
 This action causes steering wheel
oscillations at medium and high speeds
with resultant driver fatigue and
passenger discomfort
 Also cause unstable directional control
of the vehicle
Dynamic unbalance
Dynamic unbalance..
 heavy spot at the rear of the left front tire
Purpose of wheel balance
 Maintains normal tire tread life.
 Provides extended life of suspension and steering
components.
 Helps provide directional control of the vehicle.
 Reduces driver fatigue.
 Increases passenger comfort.
 Helps maintain the life of body and chassis components.