DEMINERALIZATION

1) Regeneration & Neutralization:

 Principles of Ion Exchange
 Demineralization Process
 Main Regeneration Steps and Significance
 Actual Regeneration Process Flow
 Neutralization

2) Points of Distribution
DEMINERALIZATION
 DEMINERALIZATION
Definition:
 Resin
 any of a class of solid or semisolid viscous
substances obtained either as exudations from
certain plants or prepared by polymerization of
simple molecules
 Ion Exchange
 Is the reversible exchange of ions between a liquid
and a solid
 This process is generally used to remove
undesirable ions from a liquid and substitute
acceptable ions from the solid (i.e. resin)
 Principle of Ion Exchange

 Removes dissolved solids (also removes

suspended solids)

 Accomplished by passing water

through a column of plastic bead
called ion exchange resin contained
in a vessel
 Principle of Ion Exchange

RESIN TYPES
 Functionality
 Material
 Structure
 Principle of Ion Exchange
 FUNCTIONALITY
 Cation Resins
• Strong Acid Cation (SAC)
 H+ / Na+ Form; Functional Group: (Sulfonic Acid

Group) -HSO3
 H+ Form removes nearly all cations; Na+Form

removes hardness
• Weak Acid Cation (WAC)
 Anion Resins
• Strong Base Anion (SBA)
 Removes all anions (i.e. SO4, Cl, NO3, HCO3, SiO2,

Organics) and CO2

 Functional group: quaternary ammonium group

 Type I RN(CH3)3 Greater stability

 Type II RN(CH3)2C2H5OH Greater capacity
• Weak Base Anion (WBA)
 Principle of Ion Exchange
 MATERIAL
 Styrene (most resins)
 Acrylic

 STRUCTURE
 Gellular (transparent)
 Macroreticular / Macroporous (opaque)
 Principle of Ion Exchange
 Polymerization of Cross-Linked Polystyrene Resins

Main Steps of Free

Radical Polymerization:
 Initiation
 Propagation
 Termination
 Principle of Ion Exchange
 Production of Cation
forms of Cross-Linked
Polystyrene Ion Exchange
Resin:

HYDROGEN FORM
OF CATION RESIN

Functional Groups (i.e.

Sulfonic Acid Radicals)
 Principle of Ion Exchange
 Production of Anion forms
of Cross-Linked
Polystyrene Ion Exchange
Resin:

CHLORIDE FORM
OF ANION RESIN

Functional Groups (i.e.

Quaternary Ammonium
radicals)
 Principle of Ion Exchange
 Relative Affinities between Cation Resins and
various Cations (in decreasing strength):
 Ba+2 > Sr+2 > Ca+2 > Co+2 > Ni+2 > Cu+2 > Mg+2 > Be+2 Ag+
> Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ ≈ NH > Na+ > H+ > Li+
 Relative Affinities between Anion Resins and various
Anions (in decreasing strength):
 PO43+ > SO4= > NO3- > Cl- > HCO3- > HSiO3- > CO2 > OH-
Principle of Ion Exchange
 Specific Ion Exchanger
Reactions:
 Cation Resin
R–H + 2Na+  Na–R + 2H+
Principle of Ion Exchange
 Specific Ion Exchanger
Reactions:
 Anion Resin
R–OH + SO4-2  SO4–R +
2OH-
 Resin Exhaustion
 Breakthrough:
 Ions that normally
would be taken out of
the water pass
through the unit
untouched by the ion
exchange process
 Regeneration

Regeneration

 Restoring the resins ability to exchange

ions
 Regeneration
STEPS:
 1st: Separation/Backwash (10-20min)
 2nd: Pause (2-5min)
 3rd: Chemical Addition (20-30min)
 Acid Regeneration
 Caustic Regeneration
 4th: Chemical Displacement (50-70min) ~4.45
 5th: Lowering of Water Level (10-20min) Hrs
 6th: Air Mixing (10-15min)
 7th: Pause (2-5min)
 8th: Filling (20-30min)
 9th: Cycle Rinsing (40-70min or Cond is <0.2S/cm)
 10th: Filtration (approx 2min)
 Regeneration
 Separation/Backwash:
 Resin separation
 Removal of impurities/debris and
resin’s rubbed off parts
 Loosening of resin bed

Drawing
 Regeneration
Debris &
Rubbed off
beads

Sight Anion
Glass
Resin Bed
Expansion: 100%
Cation

Backwash Water: ~45 m3/h

 Regeneration
Things to consider:
* Debris & Rubbed off beads
removal through backwash
prevents channeling

* Temperature
 Regeneration
Caustic: ~781L/h (45%-NaOH dil
to 5% soln)

 Chemical Addition
 Simultaneous regeneration
• Acid from the Bottom Anion

• Caustic from the Top

CATION

TO DRAIN
Drawing
Acid : ~1330 L/h (30%-HCl dil
to 4% soln)
 INLET AND
VENT

Typical
BACKWASH
OUTLET

Mixed Bed
INLET WATER
DISTRIBUTOR Caustic
REGENERANT TOP OF RESIN
DISTRIBUTOR

Sight Glasses
ANION RESIN
INTERFACE COLLECTOR

TO DRAIN
CATION RESIN

SCREENED
CONCENTRIC
UNDERDRAIN
UNLINED
LATERALS
CYLINDER
SUPPORTS
OUTLET
Acid
 Regeneration
 Chemical Displacement
 Air Mixing
 Prior to air mixing, water level must be lowered till it is
approx 30-50mm above the resin’s upper level. Too
much water can cause cation/anion resin separation in
final rinse
 Air Flow ~ 1 x 200m3/hr Drawing
 Cycle Rinsing
 Cycle rinsing will be executed until conductivity value
of < 0.20 S/cm is achieved.
 Rinsing Water Flow ~ 45m3/hr
 Neutralization
 Initiated AUTOMATICALLY

 During operation of MBE, if Neutralization

Tank level exceeds “H” (01GCR70CL001)
 OR, if during Regeneration, the level reaches
switch point “HH” (01GCR70CL001)

 Can also be started Manually

 Neutralization
 STEPS:
 1st – Postmixing (10-20min)
 2nd – Dosing (pH Dependent)
• pH Measurement (i.e. 01GCR70CQ001) must lie 5mins w/in
preset limit values for neutral range (i.e. 6.5 – 9)
 3rd – Postmixing (5 min)
 4th – Draining (10-20min)
• Will stop upon reaching level “L”(01GCR70CL001)
 If pH-value during Step 3 & 4 exceeds the preset
value to allow discharge, the program will revert to
step 2
DW Distribution System
 DW Distribution System

Other Consumers:
 Fuel Supply System (MBN)
 Closed Cooling Water (PGB)
 Dosing Systems (QCA, QCC, QCD)
 Regeneration, Flushing Equipment (GCP)
 GT Compressor Wash Water Skid
Clippings: Mixed Bed Regeneration
Clippings: Amine-cycle
THANK YOU!