INTRODUCTION

 A direct current (DC) motor is a type of electric

machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
 DC motors take electrical power through direct
current, and convert this energy into mechanical
rotation.
 DC motors use magnetic fields that occur from
the electrical currents generated, which powers
the movement of a rotor fixed within the output
shaft.
 The output torque and speed depends upon both
the electrical input and the design of the motor.
 DC MOTOR
 A direct current (DC) motor is another widely used device that
translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement. In the DC
motor we have only + and – leads.
 Connecting them to a DC voltage source moves the motor in one
direction. By reversing the polarity, the DC motor will move in the
opposite direction.
 One can easily experiment with the DC motor. For example, small
fans used in many motherboards to cool the CPU are run by DC
motors.
 By connecting their leads to the + and – voltage source, the DC motor
moves. While a stepper motor moves in steps of 1 to 15 degrees, the
DC motor moves continuously.
 In a stepper motor, if we know the starting position we can easily
count the number of steps the motor has moved and calculate the final
position. its not possible in a DC motor.
 INTRFACING

 The FPGA Development Kit has external DC

motor interfacing, indicated as in Figure.

 5V DC Motor speed has controlled through

PWM signal.

 Motor can run both clockwise/counter

clockwise.

 Motor speed controlled by varying ENA

(duty cycle)signal through program.
 FPGA
 FPGA contains a two dimensional arrays of logic blocks
and interconnections between logic blocks. both the logic
blocks and interconnects are programmable.
 Logic blocks are programmed to implement a desired
function and the interconnects are programmed using the
switch boxes to connect the logic blocks.
 To implement a complex design (CPU for instance),the
design is divided into small sub functions.
 Each sub function is implemented using one logic block.
 All the sub functions implemented in logic blocks must be
connected and this is done by programming the
interconnects.
 DC MOTOR PROGRAM
module motor1(clk,rst,dir,row, mtr1,mtr2,en); assign clkd=div[8];
input clk,rst; assign tick=row[0]&row[1]&row[2]&row[3];
input dir; assign en=1'b1;
input [3:0]row; always@(posedge clkd)
output reg mtr1; begin
output reg mtr2; counter=counter+1;
output en; end
reg [25:0]div; always@ (negedge tick)
wire clkd,tick; begin
reg [7:0]counter; case(row)
reg [7:0]dutycycle; 4'b1110:dutycycle<=250;
4'b1101:dutycycle<=190;
//code for speed control 4'b1011:dutycycle<=100;
always @(posedge clk) 4'b0111:dutycycle<=40;
begin endcase
div=div+1; end
end
 DC MOTOR PROGRAM
//code for direction control mtr1<=0;
always@(rst,dir) end
begin else
if(rst==0) begin
begin mtr1<=0;
mtr1<=0; if(counter<=dutycycle)
mtr2<=0; mtr2<=1;
end else
else mtr2<=0;
if(dir==0) end
begin end
mtr2<=0; endmodule
if(counter<=dutycycle)
mtr1<=1;
else
 PIN CONFIGURATION

NET "clk" LOC = "p52" ;

NET “dir” LOC = ”P76”;
NET “en” LOC = ”P4”;
NET “mtr1” LOC = ”P141”;
NET “mtr2” LOC = ”P5”;
NET “row<0>” LOC = ”P69”;
NET “row<1>” LOC = ”P63”;  From FRC9 of FPGA to DC Motor.
NET “row<2>” LOC = ”P59”;  From FRC7 of FPGA to DC motor
NET “row<2>” LOC = ”P57”; connector in the interfacing kit
NET “rst” LOC = ”P74”;
 ADVANTAGES

 DC motors are smaller in size.

 These motors operate on DC supply then they can be used in electronics devices.

 DC motors are suitable for traction systems for driving heavy loads.

 DC series motors have will high starting torque and wide range of speed control.

 DC Shunt motors are best suited for armature control and field control.

 DC motors have quick starting, stopping, reversing, and fast acceleration.

 DISADVANTAGES
 DC motors have a high initial cost.

 Maintenance cost is high and increased operation due to the presence of brushes
and commutator.

 Due to sparking at brush DC motors cannot operate in explosive and hazardous

conditions.

 As the speed increases, the shaft gets vibrated and the armature gets damaged.

 We need converters to supply power to the motor.

 APPLICATIONS
 Series motors are used in traction systems, cranes, air compressors, vacuum compressors,
sewing machines, etc.

 Shunt motors are used in blowers, weaving machines, spinning machines, lifts.

 The permanent magnet DC motor is a permanent magnet used to create the required
magnetic field.

 It used in Washer, Windshield wiper, Automobiles as a starter motor, Toys and air
conditioners.

 The cumulative compound is used in Presses, Electric shovels, Conveyors, Rolling mills.
 REFERENCES

 WWW.CIRCUITGLOBE.COM

 WWW.ELECTRICARTICLE.COM

 WWW.ELECTRICAL4U.COM

 WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM

 WWW.ELECTRONICSHUB.COM
THANK YOU