Review of the

Lesson
 CHAPTER 6

When Technology
and Humanity Cross
This section focuses on the ethical and moral
dilemma brought about by the emergence of the
robotic industry and the advancement of
technology in general and reflects on the possible
conflicts between humans and machines in the near
future.
What to
expect?
Points for discussion
A. History of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

B. Where are we now?

GRADED RECITATION

C. Ethical Dilemmas of Robotics

D. Human, Morals and Machine

E. Why the future does not need us?

Do you have any
fascination in
building a robot?
If yes, what kind?
IS-
 History of Robotics

ROBOTA (Czech, Slavic) n.

The work a medieval peasant was forced to do for their
lord without any payment

AUTOMATON n.
A mechanical figure or contrivance constructed to act as if
by its own motive power. In other words, a robot.
 Origin of the Term

The term “robot” truly extends to more than just

androids. The commonly accepted first use of the word
was in 1920 in the form of a play written by Karel Capek.
The play was entitled R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)
and involves the development of artificial people. These
people are referred to as robots and while they are given
the ability to think, they are designed to be happy as
servants.

The use of the word “robot” in Capek's play comes from

the Slavic languages” word for “work,” which is robota.
 History of Robotics

The idea of robots have been around since ancient times.

Greek Mythology
Daedalus is known as master craftsman. He created life-like statues
that could move and speak on their own. Another example of robots
in Greek mythology comes from the stories of Pygmalion, who is
said to have crafted a statue of Galatea that would come to life.

Homer's Iliad -Hephaestus, the god of metallurgy

and fire.
He has walking tripods and maidens of gold who would help him do
his work.

BUT THESE ARE JUST MYTHS.

 History of Robotics

There's a lot of accounts in early literature

about automata in ancient Greece and China.
Antikythera Mechanism- (100-150 BCJ
earliest known analog computer

Used by the ancient Greeks to calculate positions of various

astronomical objects.
 EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE

Leonardo Da Vinci (1510 AD)

He designed and possibly built
several automata. Inspired by the
ancient myths, the robot was
designed in the form of an armored
knight and was to possess the
ability to sit up, wave its arms,
move its head, and open its mouth.
 History of Robotics

Later in the 18th century Europe, notable

watchmakers would make automata to show off
their skills.

THE DRAUGHTSMAN, THE MUSICIAN AND THE

WRITER (1768-1774)
 Jacques de
Vaucanson (1730s)

THE DRUM PLAYER, THE FLUTE PLAYER AND THE

DEFECATING DUCK
r 1

History of Robotics (18th Century Europe- Renaissance)

L_J

They were living in an age where they trying to look at everything as machine.

Automatons became the perfect symbol of everything they believed in at that time.
History of Robotics (Industrial Revolution)

Machines are not fun anymore. Workers are enslaved to it

In the mid-19th century onwards, people feared mechanization and automata.

Western civilization loved and feared the idea of human machines.

History of Robotics
 History of Robotics

Robot is part of our unending search to understand what we are. -Dr. Minsoo Kang

Are we machines?
Are we like machines?
It is reflected in the way we use mechanical language to talk about human beings.

fcLta. -
You're a
robot!
ROBOTS (MODERN TIMES)

Man-made computerized machine which performs

tasks on human commands or by themselves and
seek to make work easier for human beings.
It is an integrated system of made up of sensors,
manipulators, control systems, power supplies and a
software, which work co-dependently in order to
perform a task.
Uses of Robots

i
1
L

for repetitive tasks

for dangerous tasks
Uses of Robots

for manufacturing and

production processes
medicine, military, underwater
and space exploration and man}
more
Why robots?

• The use of robots are much cheaper

than human resources.
• It is easier for robots to carry out tasks
in dangerous and difficult situations which
may seem impossible for the human
beings to perform. Robots can explore gas
tanks and volcanoes, diffuse a bomb,
travel to mars and go to places with
extreme conditions (high/low
temperature, pressure, etc.)
• It has no human limitations.
Attributes of A Robot

sense and manipulation of

environment

mobility

energy/power source

o intelligent behavior
Artificial Intelligence

It is the science and engineering of making

intelligent machines.
It is a technique of getting machines to
work and behave like humans.

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It has found its way into our daily lives.

Artificial Intelligence
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Types of Artificial Intelligence A

• Artificial Narrow Intelligence

Also known as weak Al, involves applying Al only
to specific tasks.
 Types of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial General Intelligence
Also known as strong Al, involves machines that
possess the ability to perform any intellectual task
that a human being can.

it
Strong AI would take off on its own, and re-
design itself at an ever-increasing rate.
Humans, who are limited by slow biological
evolution, couldn't compete, and would be
superseded.
Types of Artificial Intelligence A

• Artificial Super Intelligence

Is a term referring to the time when the capability of
computers will surpass human being.
Where are we
now?

O
Where are we now?
The global market for industrial robots is
projected to grow steadily between 2018
and 2028. In 2020, the size of the market
was estimated at around 55 billion U.S.
dollars, with some 2.7 million units of
industrial robots in operation worldwide. In
2028, the market size is projected to
surpass 165 billion U.S. dollars.

Industrial Robots
Where are we now? Attractive Opportunities in the Military Robots Market

USD BILLION o/l O USD BILLION 2025-p

14.5 2020-
&-'
The goto I military robots me rket is expected to be worth USD 24 2 billion
CAGR by 2025. g-owingatCAGR of 10.7% during the forecast period

10.7%
The rra rket growth in The growth of this market can be attn Contracts and product launches
Europecan be attributed to the buted to the use of robots for dangerous would offer lucrative opportunities
increased use of unmanned missions for market players in the next5 years
systems in the region

Based on platform, the airborne The market gowth in North

nflftfl segnentis expected to be worth USD America is attributed to the rising
Military Robots XX million by 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX%
during the forecast period.
investments in the region

Source: MarketsandMarkets Analysis

Where are we now?

Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a language model that leverages deep learning to
generate human-like text (output). Not only can it produce text, but it can also generate code,
stories, poems, etc.
WORLD BUILT BY HUMANS,
FOR HUMANS

FRIENDLY

ELIMINATES DANGEROUS,
REPETITIVE, BORING TASKS
Tesla Bot

HEIGHT CARRY CAPACITY

5'8” 45 LBS

WEIGHT DEADLIFT 125

LBS 150 LBS

SPEED ARM EXTEND LIFT

5 MPH 10 LBS

T= 5 U R | LIVE |
 Technical Details
5’8” | 125 LBS

SCREEN FOR USEFUL INFORMATION

LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS

40 ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATORS

ARMS NECK
12 2

TORSO HANDS
HUMAN-LEVEL HANDS
2 12

LEGS
12

FORCE FEEDBACK SENSING

2 AXIS FEET FOR BALANCING
 Al for General Purpose Robotics
AUTOPILOT CAMERAS

MULTI-CAM VIDEO
NEURAL NETWORKS
FSD COMPUTER

NEURAL NET PLANNING

AUTO-LABELING

SIMULATION & TOOLS

FSD HARDWARE

DOJO TRAINING
Where are we now?
Research analysts expect the global robotics market to grow at a CAGR of more than 11% between 2018-2022. One
of the major market trends over the next five years will be the improvements in robotic system integration services.
There is a growing preference for virtual commissioning methods over on-site commissioning in the humanoid
robot market due to their significant reduction in time and costs.
Another major development during the forecast period will be the continued major advancements in artificial
intelligence, which will lead to significant developments in the creation of humanoid robots. These advanced
robots tend to have a torso, a head, two arms, and two legs and are often referred to as robots that look like
humans.
Advancements in artificial intelligence are increasing the demand for humanoid and companion robots because
these skills enable robots to behave and understand as a human and enhance interactions. These advancements
are causing rapid growth in the global interactive robots market, which is expected to grow at a CAGR of nearly
75% by 2021. Programmable humanoid robots have also started being integrated into the education industry,
helping create unique and interactive classroom experiences. This has boosted the growth of the educational
robots market, which will grow at a CAGR of 21% by 2022.

Source: https://www.technavio.com/topic/humanoid-robot-market-research-reports
Where are we now?
The global humanoid robot market is led by the Asia-Pacific (APAC), however, North
America was the earliest adopter of humanoid robot technology. Despite North America
being the earliest adopters, over the next five years, APAC will be the fastest growing
region. With an increasing elderly population in APAC — mainly China and Japan — the
region will employ humanoid robots for personal assistance and caregiving applications.
Some of the leading manufacturers in the humanoid robot market include:
• Honda
• SoftBank Robotics
• ROBOTIS

Source: https://www.technavio.com/topic/humanoid-robot-market-research-reports
B. Human, Morals
and Machines
Ethical Issues on Robotics and
Artificial Intelligence
 Ethical Issues on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

The ethics o f A l and robotics is often focused on “concerns” of various sorts,

which is a typical response to new technologies.

Many such concerns turn out to be rather quaint (trains are too fast for
souls); some are predictably wrong when they suggest that the
technology will fundamentally change humans (telephones will destroy
personal communication, writing will destroy memory, video cassettes
will make going out redundant); some are broadly correct but
moderately relevant (digital technology will destroy industries that make
photographic film, cassette tapes, or vinyl records); but some are broadly
correct and deeply relevant (cars will kill children and fundamentally
change the landscape).
 Ethical Issues on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Some technologies, like nuclear power, cars, or plastics, have caused ethical and political discussion and significant
policy efforts to control the trajectory these technologies, usually only once some damage is done. In addition to
such "ethical concerns”, new technologies challenge current norms and conceptual systems, which is of
particular interest to philosophy.

Finally, once we have understood a technology in its context, we need to shape our societal response,
including regulation and law. All these features also exist in the case of new AI and Robotics technologies—
plus the more fundamental fear that they may end the era of human control on Earth.
Ethical Issues on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

ARE WE TOO FUTURISTIC?

 Ethical Issues on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Current discussions in policy and industry are also motivated by

image and public relations, where the label “ethical” is really
not much more than the new “green”, perhaps used for “ethics
washing”.

For a problem to qualify as a problem for AI ethics would

require that we do not readily know what the right thing to do
is. In this sense, job loss, theft, or killing with AI is not a problem
in ethics, but
whether these are permissible under certain WHAT IS THE RIGHT TH
circumstances is a problem.
Ethical Issues on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

The ethics of AI and robotics is a very young field within

applied ethics, with significant dynamics, but few well-
established issues and no authoritative overviews—
though there is a promising outline (European Group on
Ethics in Science and New Technologies 201 8)and there
are beginnings on societal impact, and policy
recommendations.
 PRIVACY AND SURVEILLANCE
Robotic devices have not yet played a major role in this area,
except for security patrolling, but this will change once they are
more common outside of industry environments. Together with
the “Internet of things”, the so-called “smart” systems (phone, TV,
oven, lamp, virtual assistant, home,...), “smart city”, and “smart
governance”, they are set to become part of the data-gathering
machinery that offers more detailed data, of different types, in
real time, with ever more information.
 Automation and Employment
Classic automation replaced human muscle, whereas digital
automation replaces human thought or information-processing —
and unlike physical machines, digital automation is very cheap to
duplicate. It may thus mean a more radical change on the labor
market.

What currently seems to happen in the labor market as a result of

Al and robotics automation is “job polarization” or the “dumbbell”
shape.

The highly skilled technical jobs are in demand and highly paid, the
low skilled service jobs are in demand and badly paid, but the mid-
qualification jobs in factories and offices, i.e., the majority of jobs,
are under pressure and reduced because they are relatively
predictable, and most likely to be automated.
 Autonomous Systems
There are several notions of autonomy in the discussion
of autonomous systems. A stronger notion is involved in
philosophical debates where autonomy is the basis for
responsibility and personhood.

c r~ Sr
1

Autonomous Systems
Autonomous vehicles hold the promise to reduce the very significant damage that human
driving currently causes—approximately 1 million humans being killed per year many more
injured, the environment polluted, earth sealed with concrete and tarmac, cities full of
parked cars, etc.

However, there seem to be questions on

how autonomous vehicles should behave,
and how responsibility and risk should be
distributed in the complicated system the
vehicles operates in.
“Trolley problem” is not supposed to describe actual ethical problems or to be solved with a “right”
choice. These problems are used as a theoretical tool to investigate ethical intuitions and theories—
especially the difference between actively doing vs. allowing something to happen, intended vs.
tolerated consequences, and consequentialist vs. other normative approaches
3 REAL-LIFE SITUATION
 WHO IS RESPONSIBLE?
Notable policy efforts in this field include the report (German Federal Ministry of Transport and
Digital Infrastructure 2017), which stresses that safety is the primary objective. Rule 10 states

In the case of automated and connected driving systems, the accountability

that was previously the sole preserve of the individual shifts from the motorist
to the manufacturers and operators of the technological systems and to the
bodies responsible for taking infrastructure, policy and legal decisions.
3 AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
The main arguments against (lethal) autonomous weapon systems (AWS or LAWS), are that they
support extrajudicial killings, take responsibility away from humans, and make wars or killings
more likely.

It appears that lowering the hurdle to use such systems (autonomous vehicles, “fire-and-
forget” missiles, or drones loaded with explosives) and reducing the probability of being held
accountable would increase the probability of their use.

The crucial asymmetry where one side can kill with impunity, and thus
has few reasons not to do so, already exists in conventional drone wars
with remote controlled weapons (e.g., US in Pakistan). It is easy to
imagine a small drone that searches, identifies, and kills an individual
human—or perhaps a type of human.
 AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS

It has also been said that

autonomous weapons cannot
conform to International
Humanitarian Law, which requires
observance of the principles of
distinction (between combatants and
civilians), proportionality (of force),
and military necessity (of force) in
military conflict
Why would we
let autonomous
systems/robots
take control?
 Is GOOGLE Making us Stupid?
Nicholas Carrs discusses the effects that the Internet may be having
on our ability to focus, the difference in knowledge that we now
have, and our reliance on the Internet.
Carr discusses the effects that the Internet has on our minds. He
feels that the Internet is bad for the brain.

\e.
<3
Nicholas Carr writes that he spends much of his leisure time from
the Net. Carr feels like he cannot concentrate on the long passages
of reading because his brain is used to the fast millisecond flow of
the Net. “For more than a decade now, I’ve been spending a lot of
time online, searching and surfing.”
 Is GOOGLE Making us Stupid?

The supporting idea is that his mind now “expects to take in

information the way the Net distributes it--in a swiftly moving
streams of particles.” His brain wants to think as fast as the Internet
goes. In summary, the article is split into two pieces.

The first is Nicholas Carr’s longing for his brain to be one with the
\e.
<3 Internet, a man-made machine. The second part of the article is
Google’s standpoint on how our brains should be replaced by
artificial intelligence.
 Machine Ethics
Machine ethics is concerned with ensuring that the behavior
of machines toward human users, and perhaps other
machines as well, is ethically acceptable. This might include

'SAFETY mere matters of product safety, for example.

FIRST
Other authors sound rather ambitious but use a narrower
notion: Al reasoning should be able to take into account
societal values, moral and ethical considerations; weigh the
respective priorities of values held by different stakeholders
in various multicultural contexts; explain its reasoning; and
guarantee transparency.
 Three Laws of Robotics
1942 Isaac Asimov, proposed the three laws of robotics

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction,

allow a human being to come to harm
2. A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings,
except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

At fi rst glance these three lows seem to be an excellent

way to ensure the safe development of this supposed
new life form. However, Asimov's lows presuppose
that human life is of greater value than that of the
androids being developed.
 Artificial Moral Agents
If one takes machine ethics to concern moral agents, in
some substantial sense, then these agents can be called
“artificial moral agents”, having rights and
responsibilities.

However, the discussion about artificial entities

challenges a number of common notions in ethics and it
can be very useful to understand these in abstraction
from the human case.
 THOUGHTS ABOUT ROBOTICS
Robin Marantz Henig, New York Times

These robots ore by nomeans what the servant robots of Greek mythology hove led
many people to hope for; rather they are infant versions, at best, of the long-hoped-for
androids. Henig said these machines are not the docile companions of the collective
dreams, robots designed to flawlessly serve dinners, fold clothes and do the dull or
dangerous jobs that human do not want to do. Nor are they the villains of
the collective nightmares, poised for robotic rebellion against humans whose
machine creations have become smarter than the humans them selves

They are, instead, hunks of metal tethered to computers,

which need their human designers to get them going and to
smooth the hiccups along the way.
 THOUGHTS ABOUT ROBOTICS
Rodney Brooks is an expert in robotics and artificial intelligence
In an article written in 2008, Brooks explains that it is no longer a question of
whether human-level artificial intelligence will be developed, but rather how and
when. While it is true that androids are not the only robots which have a great
impact on man’s lives, their development introduces a set of unique ethical
issues which industrial robots do not evoke.

Working under the assumption that it is only a matter of time until

androids are an everyday reality, it is proper to begin thinking
oo

about what these ethical issues are and how they may be dealt
with in the coming years. The overarching question that results is
what exactly these robots are. Are they simply piles of electronics
running advanced algorithms, or are they a new form of life? What
Is Life? The question of what constitutes life is one on which the
world may never come to a consensus.
Can you
consider
robots as
living
entities?
 What is living organism?
The basic tenets of Aristotle’s view are that an organism has both
“matter” and “form.”
Matter
One type of “matter” which
Aristotle speaks of could be
biological material such as what
plants, animals, and humans
consist of. Another type of
“matter” could also be the
mechanical and electronic
components which make up
modern-day robots.
Form
The term simply means whatever it is that
makes a human a human, a plant a plant,
and an animal an animal. Each of these
have a specific “form” which is not the
same as its “matter,” but is a functioning
unity which is essential to each living
organism in order for it to be just that,
living. The word used to describe the
“form” of a living organism is “psyche” or
“soul.”
 Materialism
Materialism does not entertain any notion of organisms having a
“form” or “soul”; rather, organisms are made simply of various types of
“matter.” These two views are at odds with one another and the
philosophical position society adopts will inevitably have a huge impact
on how humans interact with robots.

It is a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in

the world, which undertakes to explain every event in the universe as
resulting from the conditions and activity of matter, and which thus
denies the existence of God and the soul.

Why does it matter that materialism is at odds with Catholicism and

most other religions? More specifically, what does this have to do
with robots and androids?
 Materialism

It is relevant because if materialism is correct, then humans should have

the power to develop new forms of life. If it is true that everything in
the universe is simply material and the result of material interactions,
then nothing should be stopping us from creating androids and
recognizing them as just as valid a life form as humans.

The decision of what level of life robots are to

be considered is an essential one.
 Robot = Human?
The main reason is that we could not see androids as equal forms
of life and implement Asimov's laws, which place androids in direct
submission to humans.
How can it be that an android should give its life for a human if an
android has a right to life equal to that of a human? Imagine an
army made up of both androids and humans. Should the android
always give its life to save a human's life? Would human soldiers be
willing to die for an android?
As much as people may believe in materialism and come to
conclusions that robots will one day be a life form equal to humans,
I find it hard to believe that many people would actually die for a
robot.
 Robot Code of Ethics

South Korea is considered one of the most high-tech countries in the

world and they are leading the way in the development of such a code.
Known officially as the Robot Ethics Charter, it is being drawn up “to
prevent human abuse of robots—and vice versa”. The main focus of the
charter is said to be on the social problems the mass integration of
robots into society is bound to create.
In particular it aims to define how people are to properly interact with
robots, in Stefan Lovgren"s words, “human control over robots and
humans becoming addicted to robot interaction”. Beyond the social
problems robots may bring with them, there also is an array of legal
issues, the primary one in the charter being what and how information
is collected and distributed by robots.
Q9. In your own
opinion, do you
think robots
deserve an
equal life as
human?
C. Why does the
future does not
need us?
 In the future....
A

Either of two cases might occur.

• The machines might be permitted to

make all of their own decisions without
human oversight.

• Human control over the machines

might be retained.
 Machines permitted to make decision..

If the machines are permitted to make all their own decisions, we

cannot make any conjectures about the results because it is
impossible to guess how such machines might behave. We only
point out that the fate of the human race would be at the mercy
of the machines. It might be argued that the human race would
never be foolish enough to hand over all the power to the
machines. But human race would voluntarily turn power over to
the machines or the machines would willfully seize power.

As society and the problems that it faces become more and more
complex and machines become more and more intelligent,
people will let machines make more of their decisions for them,
simply because machine-made decisions will bring better results
than man-made ones.
 Human control over machine...

On the other hand, it is possible that human control over the

machines may be retained. In that case the average man may
have control over certain private machines of his own, such as his
car or his personal computer, but control over large systems of
machines will be in the hands of the tiny elite - just as it is today,
but with two differences.

Because of improved techniques the elite will have a greater

control over the masses and because human work will no longer
be necessary, the masses will be superfluous, a useless burden on
the system.
Elite control
r '

Warnings have been given...

L_J

Theodore Kaczynskian American domestic terrorist,also known as

the Unabomber, killed three people during a nationwide bombing
campaign targeting those involved with modern technology and
wounded many others. One of his bombs gravely injured David
Gelernter, one of the most brilliant and visionary computer
scientists. His actions were murderous and criminally insane, but
his vision describes unintended consequences, a well-known
problem with the design and use of technology, and one that is
clearly related to Murphy’s law-“ Anything that can go wrong,
will.”
r '

Warnings have been given...

L_J

Our overuse of antibiotics has led to what may be the biggest

such problem so far: the emergence of antibiotic-resistant and
much more dangerous bacteria. Similar things happened when
attempts to eliminate malarial mosquitoes using DDT caused
them to acquire DDT resistance; malarial parasites, likewise,
acquired multi-drug-resistant genes
 Reminder..

Clearly, we need to find meaningful challenges and sufficient

scope in our lives if we are to be happy in whatever is to come.
We must find alternative outlets for our creative forces, beyond
the culture of perpetual economic growth; this growth has largely
been a blessing for several hundred years, but it has not brought
us unalloyed happiness, and we must now choose between the
pursuit of unrestricted and undirected growth through science
and technology and the clear accompanying dangers.

WE MUST BE TECHNOLOGICALLY FLUENT.

We need laws, policies and regulations in the
field of Al and robotics.

And this will not be attained without public

awareness that can lead to political discussions
about it.