4.

2 ASSESSMENT OF
GENETIC RESOURCES
FOUR CELL ANALYSIS
Insight into the extent and distribution of
local crop diversity

•To identify unique, rare and common

crop species or varieties in a community

•To identify the reasons why the crop

species or varieties are in dynamic stage

•To identify interventions for

conservation of crop species or varieties
Community Monitoring On-farm and Decision
Making: Four Cell Analysis
On-farm Value addition
conservation and market

Large area Large area

Many HHs Few HHs

(Common) (Threatened)

Small area
Small area
Many HHs
Few HHs
(Threatened)
(Rare)

Value addition & Seed bank,

Market Diversity block
MATERIALS
Ground floor with seed samples
On large sheets of papers/chart papers with cards
Colored clothes (Red, Green, Yellow, White)
Marker pens
METHOD
Step 1

Invite the farmers (Ask them to bring the samples of the

crop/varieties they have)

Make a crop-variety matrix (collect the names of all the

crops/varieties in the community
METHOD…
•Step 2

•Make a large cross on the ground/paper sheet and differentiate into 4

squares

•Differentiate the four squares into four categories

METHOD…
•Step 3

•Ask the questions to the farmers:

1.What crops/varieties are cultivated in small areas by
many households
2.What crops/varieties are cultivated in large areas by few
households
3.What crops/varieties are cultivated in small area by few
households
METHOD…
•Step 4

•Discuss on the varieties in each box to assure the information

put in the box is correct

•Discuss on the result obtained

1.Problems associated with the varieties in different box

2.Special focus on the varieties grown on the varieties grown in

small areas and by few households
METHOD…
Step 5

Identify the varieties that need more focus

Identify the interventions for conservation

ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINTS

 
         
                      
WE TRAVEL GREAT DISTANCES,
EAT FOOD FROM FAR AWAY,
USE RECREATIONAL
FACILITIES, WEAR CLOTHING
FOR DIFFERENT SEASONS AND Today we lead very advanced
lives and use materials and energy every
PRODUCE GARBAGE.
day.
THE MORE YOU CONSUME,
THE LARGER YOUR
Water…..
FOOTPRINT WILL BE!

Clothes
Waste
Fun stuff! Food
Energy!
Housing

GREEN LEARNING ONLINE 2003

ECOLOGICAL FOOT PRINT
 
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS
The amount of ecologically
productive land used by
individuals, cities, countries, etc.

Production and use of goods

and services involve land use:
have ecological footprints
 If we all lived like the
average person from the
USA we would need 5
Earths.

But how are we

doing as a global
population
overall?
WORLD ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
A child born in a wealthy country is likely
to consume, waste, and pollute more in
her/his lifetime than 50 children born in
poorer nations
 Biocapacity
Biocapacity is the amount of productive land and sea (measured in hectares
100mx100m) which is available for use.
Two factors affect biocapacity.
1 – The AREA of land/sea available. How much is there?
The land area cultivated by humans is increasing leaving less land in its natural
state. eg rainforests being cut down for palm oil cultivation. This leaves less
forest to absorb our carbon emissions.

2 – The BIOPRODUCTIVITY of that land/sea. Yield?

With careful management land can be cultivated without it being degraded.
Technology can be used to increase yields. High Yield Varieties of crops, GM,
mechanisation, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation.
But it must be noted that tech inputs can increase the ecological footprint due
to increased energy consumption.
TRANSPORTATION FOOTPRINTS
If one person travels 5 kilometers
twice each workday:
 Bicycle: 122 sq meters
 Buses : 301 sq meters
 Cars: 1,442 sq meters
AGRICULTURAL FOOTPRINTS
Open Field production of
tomatoes takes up more land
than greenhouse production
But Greenhouse production has
a much larger ecological
footprint (10-20x)
 Energy
 Fertilizer
 Other inputs
NATURAL CAPITAL: FORESTS

http://www.iisd.org/wcfsd/worldmap.jpg
NATURAL CAPITAL: SOILS

http://www.povertymap.net/mapsgraphics/index.cfm?data_id=23360&theme=
ANSWER TO UNCERTAIN FUTURE
Footprint Analysis is
not a predictive tool
Is an “ecological
camera” that takes a
snapshot of our current
demands on nature
Extrapolation into
future really measures
sustainability gap”
USA at night from orbit
So what is our
relationship with
our home, the
Earth?
 PRODUCTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
At first glance,
the relationship
between products &
our environment may
seem clear,

BUT….
LET’S CONSIDER THE SIMPLE FRENCH
FRY

What are its connects to

the environment?
What impact does it have?
HOW DID THE FRY GET TO THE
RESTAURANT?
Suppliers

Truck

Producer

Truck

Processing Plant

Truck

Distribution Center

Truck

Bob’s Burger Shop

http://www.rprogress.org/
 WHAT IMPACT DID ITS JOURNEY
HAVE?
Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
Fertilizers Machinery
Suppliers
Pesticides
Truck Fossil Fuels
Irrigation Seeds

Machinery Producer Irrigation

Fossil Fuels
Hydropower Truck Fossil Fuels

Hydroelectric dam Machinery

Processing Plant
Hydropower Food waste
Truck Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels

Freezer
Distribution Center Animal Feed

Hydroflourocarbons
Truck Fossil Fuels

Freezer
Bob’s Burger Shop Packaging

http://www.rprogress.org/
 WHAT IMPACT DID THESE IMPACTS
HAVE?
Fossil Fuels Air
Fossil Fuels
Pollution
Runoff Fertilizers Machinery
Suppliers
Loss of
Pesticides
Biodiversity
Irrigation Truck Fossil Fuels
Seeds
Loss of Irrigation
Machinery Producer
Biodiversity
Air Fossil Fuels
Pollution Hydropower Truck Fossil Fuels Air
Pollution
Hydroelectric dam Machinery
Processing Plant
Hydropower Food waste
Truck Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels

Freezer
Distribution Center Animal Feed
Damage
Hydroflourocarbons
To Ozone
Truck Fossil Fuels
Freezer Solid
Bob’s Burger Shop Packaging Waste

http://www.rprogress.org/
 Forests HOW MIGHT ALL OF THIS AFFECT Forests
THE EARTH’S SYSTEMS?
Fossil Fuels Air
Fossil Fuels Pollution
Fertilizers Machinery
Runoff Suppliers
Loss of
Pesticides River
Biodiversity
Irrigation Truck Fossil Fuels
Seeds
Loss of
Machinery Producer Irrigation
Biodiversity Cropland
Air Fossil Fuels
Pollution Hydropower Truck Fossil Fuels Air
Pollution
Hydroelectric dam Machinery
Processing Plant Forests
Hydropower Food waste
Truck Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
Freezer
Distribution Center Animal Feed Grazing Land
Damage
Hydroflourocarbons Truck Fossil Fuels
To Ozone

Freezer Solid
Bob’s Burger Shop Packaging Waste

Forests Built-up Land Built-up Land

http://www.rprogress.org/
 WE’VE CONSIDERED ONLY THE
POTATO

Consider all the other parts of

your meal
 the other foods
 the utensils
 the napkins
 the condiments
 the drinks…

There are multiple

environmental impacts involved
in these as well
How sustainable is your present life style?

You visited: http://www.myfootprint.org

to find out!

Get your data out now. Calculate means for your

group, and bring the means to the front desk.

45
 What is sustainability?

sustainable: in the human scale of time, is able to

endure, thrive, and regenerate without overburdening
the living systems of the earth.

sustainable society: one that satisfies its needs without

jeopardizing opportunities for future generations.

46
 What is sustainability?
What is social acceptability?
What is economic viability?
What is environmental suitability?

As a group, define these concepts.

47
Are our present lifestyles sustainable?

A. Yes
B. To some extent
C. Probably not
D. No

48
 SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development – is development

that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) United Nations World Commission on
Environment and Development (WCED) 1987

You can read the original report online. Check it out. Its seminal stuff!
http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm#I.3
SUSTAINABILITY ?

From Living Planet Report 2008, World Wildlife Fund, 2008.

 Wedge Analysis

• Accomplishing just half of these wedges could level off our

emissions. Accomplishing all of them could return to levels well
below those envisioned in the Kyoto protocol
 EMERGING THREATS TO
AGRO BIODIVERSITY
Biotic
overharvesting and loss of useful species;
pest infestation;
introduction of invasive species;
rapid population growth;
genetic erosion etc.
Abiotic
extensive use of agrochemicals;
land degradation;
environmental pollutions;
change in climate pattern etc.
Climate change
It is predicted that climate change will have a significant impact on agriculture with
temperatures rising on average by 2-4°C over the next 50 years, causing significant
changes in regional and seasonal patterns of precipitation (IPCC, 2007; Burke et al.,
2009). Climate change will also impact agricultural biodiversity in a ma­jor way.
Socio-political
poverty;
land use changes;
agricultural intensification;
increased access to improved varieties;
lack of awareness;
disappearing traditional knowledge and undocumentation;
lack of appropriate policy, plan of government about agrobiodiversity conservation
and management;
Institutions
lack of coordination among government agency and institutions involved in
agrobiodiversity management;
lack of adequate programe in universities regarding agrobiodiversity management etc.
 
4.5.2. KEY MEASURES TO REDUCE
THREATS TO
AGROBIODIVERSITY
sustainable utilization of agricultural resource;
adopting different conservation methods( in situ, ex situ, on farm, CBM );
reducing agrochemical use;
control expansion of invasive species;
creating public awareness at local and central level for conservation, maintenance and
sustainable utilization of agro- biodiversity;
enhance co-operation and co-ordination among diverse stakeholders of agrobiodiversity
involving governmental, non- governmental, private sector and international organizations;
prevent overexploitation of agricultural resources ;
creating appropriate policy, planning regarding conservation and management of
agrobiodiversity;
adopting coping strategy for climate change impact on agriculture