Subject: cellular and mobile

communication
Nugaal University
Topic: Introduction to Wireless &
Mobile Communications.
Eng. Adnan ahmed
 Signals
 Signals are the physical representation of data.
With out signal communication system can not
exchange data.
 To be transmitted, data must be transformed to
electromagnetic signals.
 Data can be analog or digital signal.
 Analog data refers to information that is
continuous. Analog data are continuous and take
continuous values.
 Digital data refers to information that discrete
states. Digital data take on discrete values.
 Signal Parameters
Signal parameters are:
 Amplitude: is the objective measurement of
the degree of change (positive or negative) in
atmospheric pressure caused by sound waves.
 Frequency: Frequency describes the number
of waves that pass a fixed place in a given
amount of time.
 Phase shift: is defined as the position of a
point in time on a waveform cycle.
 Classification of Signals
There are two types of signals:
1) Periodic signal: a signal which repeat it self
after a certain time.
 Conti………
2) Non Periodic Signal: a signal that does not
repeat it self and form another shape is called
non-periodic signal.
 Representation of signals
 Time domain.

 Frequency domain.

 Phase domain.
 Regulations
 ITU located in Geneva is responsible for
worldwide coordination of
telecommunication activities (wired &
wireless).
 ITU is a sub-organization of the UN.
 ITU-R sector handles standardization in the
wireless sector, so it is also handles frequency
planning.
 ITU-R Regions
To have at least some success in worldwide coordination
and to reflect national interests, ITU-R has split the world
in to three regions:
 Region 1: Covers Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
 Region 2: includes Greenland, North and South America.
 Region 3: Comprises the Far East, Australia and New
Zealand.
 To achieve at least some harmonization, the ITU-R holds
the World Radio Conference (WRC), to periodically discuss
and decide frequency allocations for all three regions.
Some Examples for frequency used for analog
and digital mobile phones
 Antenna
What is an Antenna?
 An antenna is a device that propagates radio frequency
(RF) signals through the air.
 In other words Antenna can be defined as an electrical
conductor or system of conductors used either for radiating
electromagnetic energy or for collecting electromagnetic
energy.
 For transmission of signal electric energy is converted in
to electromagnetic energy.
 we have to couple the energy from the transmitter to the
out-side world and, in reverse, from the outside world to
the receiver.
Antenna-block-diagram
 Types of Antenna
There are generally two types of Antenna:
1. Omni directional Antenna.
2. Directional Antenna.
Omni directional antenna: Omni means all, or every.
So Omni-directional means that the antenna sends
information in every direction, omni-dimkbkon is
used in rural area.
Directional Antenna: In directional antenna
information is sent through specific direction,
directional antenna is used were population is
more like urban areas.
Omni-directional Antenna
Directional Antenna
When you are thinking about Antenna you need to
think about the following:
 Radiation Pattern.
 Gain.
 Frequency.
 Power.
Radiation Patter: is a graphical representation of the
radiation properties of an antenna as a function of
space coordination.
Gain: is a measure of the directionality of an antenna.
Antenna gain is defined as the power output, in a
particular direction, compared to that produced in any
direction.
End