ENGLISH FOR CRIMINOLOGY

WHAT IS CYBERCRIME ?

Cybercrime is any crime that takes place online or primarily

UNIT 4 online, ranging from security breaches to identity theft.
Cybercriminals often commit crimes by targeting computer
networks or devices, but other cybercrimes include things like
“revenge porn,” cyber-stalking, harassment, bullying, and child
sexual exploitation.
Additionally, terrorists collaborate on the internet, moving
LAWBREAKING terrorist activities and crimes into cyberspace.
As a result, you might want to learn how to prevent
cybercrime, but here’s the thing: You can’t. You can, however,
take precautions to help protect against it.

4.3 CYBERCRIME
 HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF
AGAINST CYBERCRIME

UNIT 4 FULL-SERVICE
INTERNET
STRONG
PASSWORDS
SECURITY SUITE

KEEP SOFTWARE MANAGE SOCIAL

LAWBREAKING UPDATED MEDIA SETTINGS

ADVICE CHILDREN
STRENGHTHEN ABOUT THE
HOME INTERNET AND KEEP
NETWORK AN EYE
ON THEM

4.3 CYBERCRIME TAKE MEASURES TO

KEEP UPDATED ON PROTECT YOUR
MAJOR SECURITY IDENTITY. THEFT
BREACHES CAN HAPPEN
ANYWHERE
 4.4.1 JUVENILE DELINQUENCY:
DETERMINING FACTORS

UNIT 4
FLAWED
LACK OF SELF-
DESIRE TO REBEL EDUCATIONAL
CONTROL
SYSTEM

LAWBREAKING BAD ENVIRONMENT

INNATE EVIL
LABELLING &
(E.G. POVERTY) STIGMATISING

PEER PRESURE (BAD THE MEDIA

BAD PARENTING
COMPANY) INFLUENCE

4.4 DIMENSIONS OF CRIME

 4.4.2 FEMALE OFFENDERS:
GENDER AND CRIME

 80% of known offenders were male.

UNIT 4
 The peak age was 19 for men and 15 for women.

 98% of people found guilty for sexual offences,

criminal damage or violence were male.
LAWBREAKING  57% of male offenders were found guilty, compared
with 34% of female.

 Women are more likely to be victims of violent crime.

 Domestic violence is the only category where the

risks for women are higher than for men.
4.4 DIMENSIONS OF CRIME
 Despite being more likely to be victims, women are
less worried than men about crime.
 4.4.3 REVISION OF TENSES:
SIMPLE PAST VS PRESENT PERFECT

UNIT 4 TENSE STRUCTURE USE TIME PHRASES

To refer to yesterday,
SIMPLE PAST -ED SUFFIX OR definite time in two weeks ago,
IRREGULAR FORM the past. last year,
Finished actions in 1995

LAWBREAKING To talk about

indefinite time This month,
PRESENT HAVE + PAST up to now. ever, never,
PERFECT PARTICIPLE Unfinished already, just,
(-ED / IRREGULAR actions which recently, since,
FORM) took place in the for six weeks.
past but connect
with thepresent.
4.4 DIMENSIONS OF CRIME
 4.4.4 THE PASSIVE VOICE :
USE

UNIT 4 We use the passive for different reasons:

 To give focus to something.

 Because we don’t know the identity of the ‘doer’.
 Because it’s not important to know who or what did the action.
 To be impersonal and create distance, often with reporting verbs
LAWBREAKING (believe, think, say, consider…)

We often use passives without agents in academic and technical

contexts when the process or actions are more significant than who or
what did them.

Remember Passive Voice is one of the special features of Legal

English!! e.g. “Police are looking for a man in his 30s. He is believed
4.4 DIMENSIONS OF CRIME
to be dangerous.”
 4.4.4 THE PASSIVE VOICE:
STRUCTURE RULES

UNIT 4 Rules of Conversion from Active to Passive Voice:

 Identify the subject, the main verb and the object of the sentence.

 Change the object into Subject. If the sentence has two objects, put
the most important one as subject, especially if it is a personal
LAWBREAKING pronoun or a person.

 Add verb “TO BE” in the same tense as the main

verb in the active sentence. (Mind Subject/Verb
concordance!!!)

 Change the main verb into past participle.

4.4 DIMENSIONS OF CRIME  If needed, add the preposition “by” before the Subject of the active
sentence. 
(See attached c-map)
 UNIT 4

LAWBREAKING