Atomic Structure – Chapter 4

Studying Atoms – 4.1

Studying Atoms
 The philosopher Democritus believed
that all matter consisted of extremely
small particles that could not be
divided.
 He called these particles atoms
Dalton’s Theory
 Dalton proposed the theory that all
matter is made up of individual
particles called atoms, which cannot be
divided.
Dalton’s Theory
 All elements are composed of atoms
 All atoms of the same element have the
same mass, and atoms of different elements
have different masses
 Compounds contain atoms of more than one
element
 In a particular compound, atoms of different
elements always combine in the same way
Dalton’s Theory
 Atoms are a solid sphere
Thomson’s Model
 Thomson’s experiments provided the
first evidence that atoms are made of
even smaller particles
 Subatomic particles - protons,
electrons, neutrons
Thomson’s Model
 “Plum Pudding” or “Cookie Dough”
Rutherford’s Atomic Theory
 According to Rutherford’s model, all of
an atom’s positive charge is
concentrated in its nucleus
 Nucleus – a dense, positively charged
mass located in the center of the atom
Rutherford’s Atomic Theory
Homework
 Page 105

 Questions 1-8
(don’t have to write out questions)

 *Keep these when finished*

The Structure of an Atom

4.2
Subatomic Particles
 Protons, electrons, and neutrons
 Can be distinguished by mass, charge,
and location in an atom
Protons
 Found in the nucleus
 Positively charged
 Mass of 1
 Symbol p+
Electrons
 Found outside of the nucleus - “cloud”
 Negatively charged
 Very small mass = 1/1836
 Symbol e-
Neutrons
 Found in the nucleus
 Neutral - no charge
 Mass of 1
 Symbol n
Atomic Number
 Number of protons in an element
 Atoms of different elements have
different numbers of protons
 Also equals number of electrons
because an atom has no charge - the
positive and negative charges cancel
each other out
Mass Number
 Number of particles in the nucleus
 Protons + Neutrons
 Mass Number – Atomic Number
=
Number of Neutrons
Isotopes
 Atoms of the same element that have
different numbers of neutrons and
different mass numbers
 Have same atomic number because
they are the same element
 Carbon-13 & Carbon-12 are Isotopes
 13 and 12 are their mass numbers
 Carbon - 12
– Protons =
– Neutrons =
– Electrons =
 Carbon - 13
– Protons =
– Neutrons =
– Electrons =
Modern Atomic Theory
4.3
Bohr’s Model
 Bohr’s model of the atom looks like a
solar system
 Electrons move with constant speed in
fixed orbits around the nucleus
Bohr’s Model
Energy Levels
 The possible energies that electrons in
an atom can have
 An electron in an atom can move from
one energy level to another when the
atom gains or loses energy
Electron Cloud Model
 Scientists use the electron cloud model
to describe the possible locations of
electrons around the nucleus
Electron Cloud Model
Electron Cloud Model
Atomic Orbitals
 Orbital – a region of space around the
nucleus where an electron is most
likely to be found
 An electron cloud is a good
approximation of how electrons behave
in their orbitals.
Electron Configurations
 The arrangement of electrons in the
orbitals of an atom
 The most stable electron configuration
is the one in which the electrons are in
orbitals with the lowest possible
energies – ground state
Homework – Questions
 Pg 121: 1-23

 For 1-10 write out the questions and

answers then circle the correct answer.
 11-23 just find the correct answer