IN THE EARLIEST CITIES

HISTORY
 HARAPPA
• Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan.
• The ancient city of Harappa was heavily damaged under British
rule, when bricks from the ruins were used as track ballast in the
construction of the Lahore–Multan Railway.
 HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

 Harappan civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian

subcontinent. 
 All the earliest cities that were found after Harappa such as Mohenjo Daro were
told or said to be a part of Harappan Civilisation.
 GREAT BATH
 The Great Bath is one of the well-known structures among the
ruins of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization at Mohenjo-Daro in
Sindh, Pakistan. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great
Bath was built in the 3rd millennium BCE, soon after the raising
of the "citadel" mound on which it is located.
FOOD FOR PEOPLE IN THE
CITY
 The Harappans grew wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame,
linseed and mustard. As this region does not receive heavy
rainfall, some form of irrigation may have been used. This means
that water was stored and supplied to the fields when the plants
were growing. The Harappans also reared cattle, sheep, goat and
buffalo. They also collected fruits like ber, caught fish and hunted
wild animals like the antelope.
HARAPPAN TOWNS IN GUJARAT
 The city of Dholavira was located on Khadir Beyt (also spelled as
Bet) in the Rann of Kutch, where there was fresh water and fertile
soil.
 The city of Lothal stood beside a tributary of the Sabarmati, in
Gujarat, close to the Gulf of Khambat. It was situated near areas
where raw materials such as semi-precious stones were easily
available.
 SEALS AND SEALINGS
 Seals are used to stamp bags or packets containing goods that are
sent from one place to another. After a bag was closed or tied, a
layer of wet clay was applied on the knot, and the seal was
pressed on it. The impression of the seal is known as a sealing. If
the sealing was intact, one could be sure that the goods had
arrived safely. Seals are used even today.
 MYSTERY OF THE END
 Around 3900 years ago we find the beginning of a major change.
People stopped living in many of the cities.
 There were many thoughts that came in the mind of scholars
about the suddenly disappearing of the Harappan cities such as
drying up of rivers, deforestation, flooding etc.
 The archaeologists found that the new cities emerged about 1400
years ago.
THE END

THANK YOU