QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF

RESEARCH
Ict approach
Course Description
This course is designed to conduct simple quantitative research
and include sufficient statistical concepts to allow students to make good
sense of the statistical figures and numbers that they are exposed to in
daily life. At the end of the course, students should understand the basics
of quantitative research and be able to critically review simple statistical
analysis.
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH
What is Research?

 Good and Scates (1972): Research is a careful, critical,

disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and method
according to the nature and conditions of the problem
identified, directed toward the clarification and resolution (or
both) of the problem.

 Aquino (1970) : Research is simply, the systematic search for

pertinent information on specific topic or problem.

Halpin (1996) : Research is the process of gathering data of

information to solve a particular or specific problem in
scientific manner.
 Quinton (2006) : Research is an attempt to gain solutions to
problems. It is a collection of data in rigorously controlled
situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation.

Parel (1973) cited by Sanchez (1998) : Research is a

systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose
of answering questions posed by the researcher.

Calderon and Gonzales (1993): Research is a purposive,

systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing,
classifying, organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for
the solution of the problem, for prediction for intention, for
the
discovery of truth, or for the expansion or verification of
existing knowledge, all for the preservation and
improvement of the quality of human life.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH:
The main purpose of research is to serve man.
GOALS:
1. To have a good life;
2. To satisfy man’s craving for more understanding;
3. To improve his judgment;
4. To add to his power;
5. To reduce the burden of work;
6. To relieve suffering; and
7. To increase satisfactions in multitudinous ways.
 Specific Purposes and Goals
of Research

1. To discover new facts about known phenomena

2. To find answers to problems which are only partially solved
by existing methods and information
3. To discover previously unrecognized substances and
elements
4. To improve existing techniques and develop new
instruments or product
5. Discover pathways of action of known substances and
elements
6. To order related, valid generalizations into systematized
science
7. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity
8. To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry,
education, government and in other undertakings
9. To find answers to queries by mean of scientific methods
10. To acquire a better and deeper understanding about a
phenomenon that can be known and understood better
by researcher
11. To expand or verify existing knowledge
12. To improve educational practices for raising the quality of
school products.
13. To improve man with more of the basic needs– more and
better food, clothing, shelter, etc.
• Other definition and various types of

RESEARCH
 FORMULATION OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM STATEMENT
AND
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
BY:- FIROZ QURESHI
The Problem
A research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem
that a researcher wants to solve. Identification and formulation of a research
problem statement is the first step of the research process. However, it is
considered as one of the challenging and difficult phase of any research project. It
is believed that selection of a good research problem is a discovery in itself.
Selection of research problem depends on several factors such as researcher’s
skills, knowledge, interest, expertise, Motivation, creativity with respect to the
subject of inquiry.
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Formulation of research problem is a complex and long
process , which includes following steps:
1. SELECTION OF A RESEARCH AREA

Formulation of research problem begins with selection of a

broad research topic from personal experience, literature,
previous research and theories in which researcher is
interested and has significance on his/her profession
2. DELIMITING THE RESEARCH TOPIC:-

In this step , researcher proceeds from a general research area of interest

to more specific topic of research to conduct a study.
Example:-
Initially a researcher decides to conduct a study on female feticide ; later
in this stage researcher limits it to specific topic “a study on perception of
women about causes and prevention of female feticide in selected rural
communities of district Moradabad , Uttarpradesh”.
• In this stage, a researcher clearly identifies
variables, population, and settings of research
study. Furthermore, at this stage , a
researcher is quite clear about the
phenomenon to be studied, where and on
whom.
3. EVALUATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Once researcher is clear about the specific research

problem , next the research problem must be carefully
evaluated for its significance, researchability and
feasibility. Feasibility of the research problem should
be evaluated for time, cost , availability of subjects and
resources , administrative and peer support, ethical
consideration and researcher’s competence and
interest.
 SOME GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF A
RESEARCH
PROBLEM
Substantive issues:-
1. Does the problem have significance to the nursing profession?
2. Does the problem have any relationship with existing theories and
models?

Methodological issue:-
1. Does the problem statement clearly identify the research variables in
measurable term?
2. Does the problem describe about research settings, place and time?
4. FORMULATING FINAL STATEMENT
OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

After establishing the significance , researchability and

feasibility , then researcher finally formulates a final statement
of a research problem.

A research problem could be in declarative or interrogative

format
Example of declarative format

“A Descriptive study on prevalence of bed

sores among unconscious patients admitted
in intensive care units of Synergy hospital of
medical science, Dehradun”.
Example of Interrogative format:-

“The effect of ginger on morning sickness

on pregnant women in selected urban
communities of district Hissar, Haryana”
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• Does client-centered therapy produce more satisfaction in clients than

traditional therapy?
• Does behavior modification reduce aggression in autistic children?
• Are descriptions of people in social studies discussions biased?
• What goes on in an elementary school classroom during an average work?
• Do teachers behave differently toward students of different genders?
• How can we predict which students might have trouble learning certain kinds
of subject matter?
• How do parents feel about the school counseling program?
• How can a principal improve faculty morale?
DECLARATIVE VS INTERROGATIVE QUESTIONS

Declarative

'Boss' and 'Manager' can be used interchangeably?

She is going there tomorrow?

Interrogative
Can 'Boss' and 'Manager' be used interchangeably?
Is she going there tomorrow?
Sample
Jane is going to France next year?

Is  Jane going to France next year?

 NOT SEARCHABLE QUESTIONS

• Should philosophy be included in the high school curriculum?

• What is the meaning of life?
 
There is no way to collect information to answer either question. Both
questions are, in the final analysis, not researchable.
The first question is question of value, it also does not have any
empirical referents.
The second question is metaphysical, it is beyond the physical
transcendental.
 MORE IDEAS NOT RESEARCHEABLE
QUESTIONS

• Is God good?
• Are children happier when taught by a teacher of the same gender?
• Does high school achievement influence the academic achievement of
university students?
• What is the best way to teach grammar?
• What would school be like today if World War II had not occurred?

To be able to determine whether the question is researchable or not, we

must examine every possible alternative, and a moment’s reflection brings
us to the realization that this can never be accomplished.
Research study type: Descriptive
Title “A descriptive study on prevalence of bed sores among
unconscious patients admitted in intensive care units of Synergy
hospital of medical science, Dehradun”

Variable: It has only one research variable “prevalence of pin site

infection”
Population: Patients with external skeletal fixation
Research setting: Orthopedic ward of Shri MahantHospital, Dehradun.
Sample
Title : ” THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIP TIES AMONG FACULTY AND STAFF MEMBERS
OF ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY ROXAS CAMPUS “
• VARIABLE : Relationship Ties
• POPULATION: Faculty and Staff members
• Research setting: ISU-Roxas
WRITING RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
• MEANING:-
“A research objective is a clear , concise , declarative
statement , which provides direction to investigate the
variables” .

Note: “Research objectives are the results sought by the researcher at

the end of the research process , that what the researcher will be able
to achieve at the end of the research study”.
Research objective should be:-
• Relevant
• Feasible
• Logical
• Observable
• Unequivocal
• Measurable
NEED OF THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:

The formulation of research objectives will help the

researcher to

1. Focus
2. Avoid
3. Organize
4. Directions
TYPES OF THE RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES

• 1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES:-
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objective of the study states what the
researcher expect to achieve by the study in general
terms.
General objectives are usually less in numbers.
2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:-
Specific objective are short term and narrow in focus
General objectives can be broken into logically connected
parts to form specific objectives .
The specific objectives are more in number.
Sample
Title: “A quasi experimental study on the effects of ginger on
morning sickness among pregnant women in selected cities of
Kerala”.
General objective
• The main objective of this study is to assess the
effects of ginger on morning sickness among pregnant
women.
Specific
1. To determine the prevalence of morning sickness in the pregnant
women.
2. To compare the effects of ginger on morning sickness in multigravida
and primigravida.
3. To identify the relationship of effectiveness of ginger on morning
sickness with age and dietary habits of the pregnant women.
SAMPLE
• TITLE:” THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP
TIES AMONG FACULTY AND STAFF MEMBERS OF ISABELA STATE
UNIVERSITY ROXAS CAMPUS “

GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The main objective of the study is to determine the possible effect
of social media in the relationship ties among faculty and staff
members of Isabela State University of Roxas Campus.
Problems
• Statement of the Problems
• What are the most commonly active social media platforms used by the
faculty and staff in participating group discussion or interaction?
• What is the demographic profile of the respondent?
• What is the faculty and staff level of awareness on the use of emoticons
common social media terminologies and text abbreviations?
• What are the social media ethical practices of the faculty and staff
members?
• What are the social implications of social media among faculty and staff
members towards their social relations?
SAMPLE
Specific Objectives
1. Identify the common active social media platforms used by the faculty
and staff in participating group discussion or interaction;
2. Identify the demographic profile of the respondent;
3. Determine the faculty and staff level of awareness on the use of
emoticons, common social media terminologies and text abbreviations
on social media across demographic groups;
4. Identify the social media ethical practices of the faculty and staff; and
5. Determine the social implications of social media among faculty and staff
members towards their social relations.
RESEARCH TITLE
 SPECIFIC
Identify a specific
action or event that
will take place
SAMPLE TITLE (SOCIAL RESEARCH)

The Effect of a Social Media on the Relationship Ties Among Faculty

members and Staff of ISU-ROXAS for the school year 2020-2021

• What – Effect (+- effect of social media) on relation ship ties

• Who - Faculty and Staff
• Where - Roxas
• When – S.Y. 2020-2021
 SAMPLE TITLE (DEVELOPMENTAL)

“Anti-theft Property Detection of ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Roxas Campus, Roxas Isabela, School Year 2020-2021”
• What – Anti-theft
• Where – ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
• When – S.Y. 20-21
• Who- Faculty, Staff and Students

Revised:
#GETMENOT: Anti-theft Property Detector
 SAMPLE TITLE (Multi-Disciplinary)
“The Development of Digital Incubator for Chicken and
Duck Eggs of ISU Roxas S.Y. 2020-2021”
• What - Digital Incubator for Chicken and Duck
• Where - ISU Roxas
• When – 2020-2021
• Who – Balut industry and Poultry Industry
Revised:
“Digital Based Incubator with anti-bacterial Treatment & Decision
Support System”
MEASURABLE

• Its benefits should be

quantifiable
 Achievable
•Should be
attainable given
available resources
REALISTIC & RESEARCHABLE

• Possible to attain and

useful
Time bounded
The time period in which
it will be accomplished
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
A type of educational A type of educational
research in which the research in which the
researcher decides what researcher relies on the
to study. views of the participants.
Quantitative Research
 Quantitative research looks at
patterns in numeric data.
 Quantitative research gathers
data in numerical form which can
be put into categories or
measured in units of
measurement.
 This type of data can be used
to construct graphs and tables.
Qualitative Research
 Qualitative research gathers
information that is not in
numerical form.
 Qualitative data is typically
descriptive data.
 When you think of qualitative
data, Think of the word 'quality' –
because in qualitative analysis
we are taking a deep quality look
at a phenomenon.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Examples Examples

Application forms Diary accounts

Closed ended Document review
Questionnaires Open ended
 IQ Tests Questionnaires
Measurements  Unstructured
interviews
Unstructured
observations
 Purpose

Quali: To understand & interpret social

interactions.

Quanti: To test hypotheses, look at cause &

effect, & make predictions.
 Group Studied

Quali: Smaller & not randomly selected.

Quanti: Larger & randomly selected.

 Variables

Quali: Study of the whole, not variables.

Quanti: Specific variables studied.

 Type of Data Collected

Quali: Words, images, or objects.

Quanti: Numbers and statistics.

 Forms of Data Collected

Quali: Qualitative data such as open - ended

responses, interviews, participant observations,
field notes, & reflections.

Quanti: Quantitative data based on precise

measurements using structured & validated
data-collection instruments.
 Role of the Researcher

Quali: Researcher & their biases may be known to

participants in the study, & participant
characteristics may be known to the researcher.

Quanti: Researcher & their biases are not known to

participants in the study, & participant
characteristics are deliberately hidden from the
researcher (double blind studies).
 Results

Quali: Particular or specialized findings that is

less generalizable.

Quanti: Generalizable findings that can be

applied to other populations.
 Final Report

Quali: Narrative report with contextual

description & direct quotations from research
participants.

Quanti: Statistical report with correlations,

comparisons of means, & statistical significance
of findings.
 What is to be observed?

Quali: ¤ Qualities ¤ Behavior ¤ Complexities

Quanti: ¤ Quantities ¤ Scales ¤ Trends

What are the type of questions asked?

Quali: ¤ Why? ¤ How?

Quanti: ¤ How many? ¤ What?

How are the questions are put (methods)?

Quali: ¤ Document review ¤ Participant

observations ¤ Interviews ¤ Focus group ¤
Workshops

Quanti: ¤ Application forms ¤ Questionnaires ¤

IQ Tests ¤ Measurements
How the results are interpreted (analysis)?

Quali: ¤ Explore, explain, understand ¤ Narrative ¤

Particular ¤ Mainly inductive reasoning: conclusions
can be drawn from the evidence no matter how
incomplete

Quanti: ¤ Describe, measure, predict ¤ Statistical

tables and chart ¤ Universal ¤ Mainly deductive
reasoning: everything is known before conclusions
can be drawn
 Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Ask specific narrow Qs. Ask broad, general Qs.
Collects data from Collects data consisting
participants generally in largely of words (text) or
numerical form. image (picture).
Analyzes numbers using Descriptions and analysis
statistics. of words for themes.
Conducts the inquiry in Conducts inquiry in
unbiased, objective subjective, biased manner.
manner.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Description of trends An exploration in which
or an explanation of little is known about the
variables’ relationships. problem.
A detailed understanding
of a central phenomenon.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Be specific and narrow. Be general and broad.
Seek measurable, Seek to understand the
observable data on participants’ experiences.
variables.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Collecting data using Collecting data using
instruments with preset forms with general,
Qs and Res. emerging Qs to permit the
participant to generate
Collecting info from a
responses.
large number of Gathering word(text) or
individuals. image(picture) data.
Collecting info from a
small number of
individuals or sites.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Tend to use standard fixed A flexible, emerging
structure and evaluation structure and evaluative
criteria. criteria.
Take an objective and Take a subjective and
unbiased approach. biased approach.
 INTRODUCTION
Contents:

• Description of the study

• Research Problem
• Background settings

69
INTRODUCTION
• Social media brings bountiful benefits and uses in our day to day life, such as
promotion of personal views and meeting with other people, social bonding’s
• , aid in communication, finding new job prospects and many other advantages.
However, it is ironical that sometimes social media can do more harm than good.
Oftentimes healthy group discussions just pop-up on issues and concerns related to
office works and personal, where collaboration of each group member idea are
solicited for positive response but there are some untoward incidence in posting of
hurting words, blogs on social media walls that earns different social media
comments and reactions.
• This study evolved in the effect social media on the social relationship ties among
faculty and staff members’ base on their individual social ethical views, responses and
sensitivity level on the use of emoticons and common millennial words and text
abbreviations.

70
Description
Social media brings bountiful benefits and uses in our day to day life, such as promotion of personal views
and meeting with other people, social bonding's, aid in communication, finding new job prospects and
many other advantages. However, it is ironical that sometimes social media can do more harm than good.

Problem
Oftentimes healthy group discussions just pop-up on issues and concerns related to office works and
personal, where collaboration of each group member idea are solicited for positive response but there
are some untoward incidence in posting of hurting words, blogs on social media walls that eams different
social media comments and reactions.

Background Setting
This study evolved in the effect social media on the social relationship tiesi among faculty and staff
members' base on their individual social ethical views, responses and sensitivity level on the use of
emoticons and common millennial words and text abbreviations.

71
 SPECIFIC
Identify a specific
action or event that
will take place
SAMPLE TITLE (SOCIAL RESEARCH)

The Effect of a Social Media on the Relationship Ties Among Faculty

members and Staff of ISU-ROXAS for the school year 2020-2021

• What – Effect (+- effect of social media) on relation ship ties

• Who - Faculty and Staff
• Where - Roxas
• When – S.Y. 2020-2021
 SAMPLE TITLE (DEVELOPMENTAL)

“Anti-theft Property Detection of ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Roxas Campus, Roxas Isabela, School Year 2020-2021”
• What – Anti-theft
• Where – ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
• When – S.Y. 20-21
• Who- Faculty, Staff and Students

Revised:
#GETMENOT: Anti-theft Property Detector
 SAMPLE TITLE (Multi-Disciplinary)
“The Development of Digital Incubator for Chicken and
Duck Eggs of ISU Roxas S.Y. 2020-2021”
• What - Digital Incubator for Chicken and Duck
• Where - ISU Roxas
• When – 2020-2021
• Who – Balut industry and Poultry Industry
Revised:
“Digital Based Incubator with anti-bacterial Treatment & Decision
Support System”
MEASURABLE

• Its benefits should be

quantifiable
 Achievable
•Should be
attainable given
available resources
REALISTIC & RESEARCHABLE

• Possible to attain and

useful
Time bounded
The time period in which
it will be accomplished
 SPECIFIC
Identify a specific
action or event that
will take place
SAMPLE TITLE (SOCIAL RESEARCH)

The Effect of a Social Media on the Relationship Ties Among Faculty

members and Staff of ISU-ROXAS for the school year 2020-2021

• What – Effect (+- effect of social media) on relation ship ties

• Who - Faculty and Staff
• Where - Roxas
• When – S.Y. 2020-2021
 SAMPLE TITLE (DEVELOPMENTAL)

“Anti-theft Property Detection of ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Roxas Campus, Roxas Isabela, School Year 2020-2021”
• What – Anti-theft
• Where – ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
• When – S.Y. 20-21
• Who- Faculty, Staff and Students

Revised:
#GETMENOT: Anti-theft Property Detector
 SAMPLE TITLE (Multi-Disciplinary)
“The Development of Digital Incubator for Chicken and
Duck Eggs of ISU Roxas S.Y. 2020-2021”
• What - Digital Incubator for Chicken and Duck
• Where - ISU Roxas
• When – 2020-2021
• Who – Balut industry and Poultry Industry
Revised:
“Digital Based Incubator with anti-bacterial Treatment & Decision
Support System”
MEASURABLE

• Its benefits should be

quantifiable
 Achievable
•Should be
attainable given
available resources
REALISTIC & RESEARCHABLE

• Possible to attain and

useful
Time bounded
The time period in which
it will be accomplished
TYPES OF RESEARCHES
 Applied research

• Refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve

practical problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to
everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative
technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's
sake.
• For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
• • Improve agricultural crop production • Treat or cure a specific
disease • Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or
modes of transportation
 BASIC

• Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is driven by a scientist's curiosity

or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's
knowledge, not to create or invent something. There is no obvious
commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research.
• For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions
such as:
• • How did the universe begin? • What are protons, neutrons, and electrons
composed of? • How do slime molds reproduce? • What is the specific
genetic code of the fruit fly?
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• Correlational research refers to the systematic investigation
or statistical study of relationships among two or more
variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect.

• It Seeks to establish a relation/ association/ correlation

between two or more variables that do not readily lend
themselves to experimental manipulation.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to music lowers blood
pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
• • Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music
and then compare the bp levels • Survey – ask people how they feel ?
How often they listen? And then compare
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Descriptive research refers to research that provides an
accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual,
situation, or group. Descriptive research, also known as
statistical research.
These studies are a means of discovering new meaning,
describing what exists, determining the frequency with which
something occurs, and categorizing information.
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

• Ethnographic research refer to the investigation of a culture

through an in-depth study of the members of the culture; it
involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis
of data for development of theories of cultural behaviour.
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
It studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic
formations, their ethno genesis, composition,
resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as
their material and spiritual culture.
• Data collection is often done through participant
observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc.
• • The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to
understand what is happening naturally in the setting and to
interpret the data gathered to see what implications could be
formed from the data.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

• Experimental research is an objective, systematic,

controlled investigation for the purpose of
predicting and controlling phenomena and
examining probability and causality among
selected variables.
• Advantages
• • Best establishes cause-and-effect relationships
• Disadvantages
• • Artificiality
• • Feasibility
• • Unethical
• The simplest experimental design includes two
variables and two groups of participants.

• The two groups of participants (Control versus

Experimental group). • Before beginning the
experiment, the researcher (randomly) assigns his/her
sample to two different groups: the control group and
the experimental (treatment group or clinical group). •
The control group receives no manipulation of the IV
(no treatment), whereas the experimental group
receives the manipulation of the IV
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

• Exploratory research is a type of research

conducted for a problem that has not been
clearly defined. Exploratory research helps
determine the best research design, data
collection method and selection of subjects.
• Exploratory research can be quite informal, relying on secondary
research such as reviewing available literature and/or data, or
qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumers,
employees, management or competitors, and more formal
approaches through in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective
methods, case studies or pilot studies.
 Examples of Exploratory Research Design

• The following are some examples for studies with exploratory research
design in business studies:
• A study into the role of social networking sites as an effective marketing
communication channel
• An investigation into the ways of improvement of quality of customer
services within hospitality sector in London
• An assessment of the role of corporate social responsibility on consumer
behaviour in pharmaceutical industry in the USA
GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH
• Grounded theory research is a research approach designed
to discover what problems exist in a given social
environment and how the persons involved handle them; it
involves formulation, testing, and reformulation of
propositions until a theory is developed.
Four stages:

• 1. Codes-Identifying anchors that allow the key points of

the data to be gathered
• 2. Concepts-Collections of codes of similar content that
allows the data to be grouped
• 3. Categories-Broad groups of similar concepts that are
used to generate a theory
• 4. Theory-A collection of explanations that explain the
subject of the research (hypotheses)
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Historical research is research involving analysis
of events that occurred in the remote or recent
past.
• Historical research gives a social scientist a better context
for making realistic decisions.
• Strengths • Provides a comprehensive picture of historical
trends • Uses existing information • Provides evidence of
on-going trends and problems
PHENOMENLOGICAL RESEARCH

• Phenomenology helps us to understand the meaning

of people's lived experience.  A phenomenological
study explores what people experienced and focuses
on their experience of a phenomena.  
Phenomenological Research
• A Phenomenological Study into How Students Experience and Understand
the University Presidency
• Kahler B. Schuemann Western Michigan University, kahler.schuemann@wmich.edu

• A Qualitative Phenomenological Exploration of Teachers' Experience With

Nutrition Education
• Elisha Hall,Weiwen Chai &Julie A. Albrecht

• A Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Helping Professionals With

Learning Disabilities Madeline Lorraine Peters University of Massachusetts
• Amherst, mlpeters@stuaf.umass.edu
ASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF
RESEARCH
• On a broader perspective, all researches can be classified into two
groups:

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is
research dealing with
phenomena that are
difficult or impossible to
quantify mathematically,
such as beliefs, meanings,
attributes, and symbols
• Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth
understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that
govern such behaviour. The qualitative method investigates
the why and how of decision making, not just what, where,
when.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical

investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical
or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative
research is to develop and employ mathematical models,
theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena
 QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

A type of educational research in A type of educational research in

which the researcher decides which the researcher relies on
what to study. the views of the participants.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

This type of data can be used to When you think of qualitative

construct graphs and tables. data, Think of the word 'quality' –
because in qualitative analysis we
are taking a deep quality look at a
phenomenon.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

• Application forms • Diary accounts

• Closed ended Questionnaires • Document review
• IQ Tests • Open ended Questionnaires
• Measurements • Unstructured interviews
• Unstructured observations
 PURPOSE

Quali:
• To understand & interpret social
interactions.
Quanti:
• To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect,
& make predictions.