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HS Chapter 2
HS Chapter 2
HS Chapter 2
1 2
2
Zoned earth dam
• The central core is used to check seepage and is constructed from clay, silty clay
or clayey silt.
• The pervious shell is used for stability and is constructed from sand, gravel, or
mixture of these.
• The transition filter is used to prevent the migration of materials from the core to
the shell. The d/s transition filter is useful during steady seepage conditions and
the u/s filter is useful during sudden drawdown conditions
Cont.…
• Diaphragm type earth dam:-The difference b/n zoned and
diaphragm dam is the thickness of the core. w/c is thin
impervious core
• Note:- the selection among the 3 depends on nature and availability of fill material.
Cause of failures of Embankment dams
• Embankment dams, like any other engineering structure, may fail
due to improper design, faulty constructions, lack of maintenance,
etc. Generally,
causes of failure are grouped into three classes:
1. Hydraulic failure
2. Seepage failure
3. Structural failure
1. Hydraulic failure(40%)
Overtopping- less flood expectation.
- lesser spillway capacity.
- improper gate. opening
- settlement of foundation.
Erosion of U/s face-caused by wind wave
- rip rap is the solution
Erosion of D/s face-Heavy rains falling directly over d/s face
- berm is a solution.
Cont.…
Erosion of d/s toe due to tail water-from spillway bucket
-wave developed in tail water.
-stone pitching up to slight height.
2. Seepage failure
•Piping is subsequent removal of the soil from the body of the dam and the formation of pipe‐like
conduit inside the dam
• Piping occurs when the seepage force is very large and concentrated
Piping through dam-poor construction
-differential settlement
-burrowing animal
-surface crack
-presence of root.
Piping through foundation- occurs when pressure exceeds soil resistance
- when foundation is loose soil
Conduit Leakage: cracks may develop in conduits provided for outlet due to foundation settlement
Sloughing of d/s toe: ‐ sloughing is the process in which the soil mass fails down after saturation
-it occurs under reservoir full condition.
3. Structural failure
25% caused by structural failure.
Caused by shear failure. It includes
i. Slides in embankment
ii. Foundation slides
iii. Liquefaction slides
iv. Failures by spreading
v. Failures due to earthquakes
vi. Holes caused by animals
Design of Earth dam
V=wind speed(Km/hr)
2 D=avg. depth of res.(m)
S (V F cos ) /(63,000D)
α=angle of wind to fetch
R = it can be taken as 50% of wave height(50%hw)
• Settlement allowance = 2%H
• Embankment compression Allowance = 0.001(H)3/2
Cont.…
U/S and D/S slopes of the dam:- The slopes depend on the type of the
material, foundation condition, height of the dam, and others.
Tentative recommendation by Terzagi is
U/S D/S
Type of Section Type of Material slope slope
well-graded material 2.5:1 2:1
Coarse silt 3:1 2.5:1
Silty clay or Clay: H<15m 2.5:1 2:1
Homogenous section Silty clay or Clay: H≥ 15m 3:1 2.5:1
• The side slopes of the core in any case should not be greater than (x-0.5:1) on
the upstream and (y-0.5:1) on the downstream.
• where x: 1 is the upstream slope of the shell and y: 1 is the d/s slope of the
shell. The minimum u/s and d/s slopes of the core are usually 1.5:1 and 1:1
respectively.
Foundation seepage control:- seepage flows and pressure within the foundation are
controlled by cut-offs and by drainage.
• The cut-offs are generally two types:
– Fully penetrating cut-off: penetrate to impervious strata
– Partially penetrating cut-off: terminate where the head loss across the cut-
off is sufficient to effect the required degree of control (see fig. below)
Cont.…
Cont.….
• Downstream Drainage:- to drain the water seep through the dam pervious
material is required.
• The type of drainage systems includes the following:
– Drainage of the dam
• Horizontal drainage blanket
• Rock toe
• Chimney drain
– Drainage of the foundation
• Toe drain
• Relief walls
• Vertical sand drains
• Upstream face protection:-to protect u/s face of the dam against erosion stone
pitching, concrete slab, asphalting ,rock armoring and riprap can be proposed.
SEEPAGE ANALYSIS
.
For homogeneous embankments dam, discharge per unit width (q) of the
dam passing through a flow net
q k * H * N f / Nd Where: H is the head differential.
Nf is number of stream lines.
Nd is number of equipotential lines
K coefficient of permeability
The phreatic line can be located by analytical method, graphical method &
experimental method.
We will see first in this section graphical method of Casagrande parabola.
Procedure of locating phreatic line graphically
√ 𝑥 +𝑦
s+x =
2 2
.
𝒚 𝟐=𝟐 𝒔𝒙+𝒔 𝟐.
Is eqn of parabola
𝑞=𝐾 𝑺.
• Using triangular similarity.(x=b and y=H)
2
2
√
S= 𝑥 +𝑦 -x2
2
2
.
S= √ 𝑏 + 𝐻 .-b2
• But the phreatic line must emerge at some point K. meeting d/s
tangentially.
• So correction ∆a has to be made, B/c the phreatic line can’t go
out side the limit of the dam.
Cont.…
• Then correction is ∆a depends up on the slope α of the
discharge face and a .
a a
a a
α in degrees a a α in degrees a a
L D irectrix
0.3L
A B
Figure 2‑11:- Flow net for homogenous earth dam having horizontal drain
n φ
σta
Δ L+
T =C
N th
g
UB en
r str
W Shea
Relationship between mobilizing & resisting forces
Shear
Force
SS321
N1
N2
N3
Normal Force
N
F Block will
fail
F
Block is
stable
F = C + N tan ......4.4 C
C is the cohesion N
Practical structural failure
Swedish Circle Method of Slope stability
• In this method the potential failure surface is assumed to be cylindrical. And the factor of safety is considered as a ratio of
avg. shear strength to avg. shear stress
Procedure of this method to test stability.
1. Take a trial slip surface and divide the wedge above the slip surface in
to 8 to 15 vertical slices;
2. Determine the weight of each slice, W=(b*Z*1)*γ, where: b=width of
the slice, Z=middle ordinate of the slice, and γ= unit weight of the soil;
3. Measure the angle θ which the normal makes with the vertical and
compute the normal, N and tangential, T component. N =W cos θ
and T= W sin θ
4. Determine the pore water pressure (u) at the base of the slice from
the flow net and compute the force UB due to pore water pressure.
UB= u*ΔL =u*b secθ
5. Determine the cohesive force, C=c* b secθ
6. Determine the factor of safety for the trail slip surface:
tan W cos ubsec cbsec
Fs
W sin
7. Repeat the above procedure for a number of trial surfaces. The trial surface which
gives the minimum factor of safety is the most critical circle. The minimum factor of
safety should be greater than the specified safe value of the soil.
Location of the Most Critical Circle
• Tangential component of W4 is
T4 W4 sin 4
• The factor
T4 of W cos
cL4safety of wh4L44 is
4slide tan
FS4
4 W4 sin4
• prevent the migration of the soil particles properly designed graded filter is required.
• Filters are graded so that the finer layers are adjacent to the drains.
• Filters are also provided b/n the core of fine-grained soils and the shells of the coarse-
grained soils.
• Requirement of the filter are:-
1 - The filter material should be fine enough to prevent washing
out.
- this requirement will be satisfied, if D15 size of the filter
material is not more than 4 to 5 times D85 of the base material
2 - The filter material should be coarse enough so that it acts as a
drain for the protected material.
- this requirement will be satisfied, if the D15 size of the filter
material is at least 4 to 5 times the D15 size of the protected
material
Cont.…
Both the above criteria can be written as:
-
Cont.…