Principles of Metallurgy

P. Nagaraja
Assistant Professor in Chemistry
IIIT, RK VALLEY
 Introduction

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 Occurrence of metals

 Our earth contains about 92 metals.

 Among them some elements are available in their native form (Ex: Ag, Au, Pt etc.,)
 But many elements are abundant in the form of their oxide, sulfide, carbonate forms.
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 Occurrence of metals

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 History of Metallurgy

• The process of metallurgy is one of the oldest branches of science;

it can be traced back to 6000 BC.
• In the 17th century, they were only 12 elements..
• The oldest metals of civilization were
• Gold - 6000 BC
• Copper- 4200 BC
• Silver- 4000 BC
• Lead- 3500 BC
• Tin-1750 BC
• Iron-1500 BC
• Mercury- 750 BC

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 Terminology in metallurgy
Mineral: The naturally available form of an element in earth
crust is generally known as a mineral.
• For example, Zinc is available in the form of Zinc blende (ZnS),
Zincite (ZnO) and Calamine (ZnCO3).
Metallurgy: The branch of science that deals with different
methods of extracting the metal from its natural sources and
converting them into useful materials to the mankind is called
metallurgy.
Ore: The mineral from which a metal can be extracted
economically and conveniently is called an ore.
• For example, among the zinc minerals, Zn is conveniently extracted
from Zinc blende (ZnS). Thus it the ore of zinc.
All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.

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 Terminology in metallurgy
Gangue: The unwanted materials which are contaminated with the ore
are called gangue.
Ores contain silicates, aluminates, carbonates etc., as impurities
Flux: Flux is a substance used to remove the infusible impurities in the
form of slag
Infusible impurity + flux → Fusible slag
Types: Acidic flux: These are used to remove the basic impurity
present in the ore. For example,
FeO(Gangue) + SiO2(Flux) → FeSiO3(slag)
Basic flux: These are used to remove the acidic impurity present in the
ore. For example,
CaO(Flux) + SiO2(gangue) → CaSiO3(slag)

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 Ores of some metals

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 ore

metal compound separated

concentration
from bits of sand & rocks

metal compound

metal chemically separated

Purification
from other elements

metal
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 Principles of extraction
The extraction and isolation of metals from ores involves the following steps

1. Concentration of the ore

The process of removal of unwanted materials (e.g., sand, clay particles etc.,)
from the ore is known as concentration or dressing.
2. Conversion of ore into oxide
The concentrated ore can be converted into an oxide from any other form of
metal
3. Reduction of oxide

The metal oxide on heating with a reducing agent such as coke (C) or carbon
monoxide (CO) or H2 gas forms the corresponding metal.
4. Refining of metal
The process of obtaining a highly pure metal from impure metal is known as
refining.
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 Concentration of the ore
 Ores may be concentrated by several methods which depend
upon the nature of ore and impurities present in it.
 The different methods of dressing are discussed below
1. Hydraulic washing or gravity separation
Principle: This method is based in the differences in
gravities of the ore and gangue particles.

The ore is ground into a fine powder

The powdered ore is washed with a stream

of water.

The lighter gangue particles are washed

away and the heavier ore particles remain
behind at the bottom.
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 Concentration of the ore
2. Magnetic separation:
Principle: This method is based in the differences in magnetic
properties of the ore components.
This method is used when ore or gangue particles are magnetic
in nature.

The fine powder of ore is dropped on a belt

moving on two strong magnetic rollers.

The magnetic and non-magnetic

substances form two separate heaps

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 Concentration of the ore
3. Leaching process
Principle: This method is based in the differences in solubility of
the ore and gangue particles

The fine powder of ore is treated with a suitable

solvent

Solvent selectively dissolves an ore component and the

gangue remains undissolved
Ex: Al2O3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) → 2 NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l)
NaAlO2
Bauxite

Al2O3 + NaOH

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 Concentration of the ore
4. Froth floatation process
Principle: This method is based in the differences in adsorption
of the ore and gangue particles on oil and water.
This method is mainly used to remove gangue from sulfide ores.

The fine powder of ore is mixed with pine

oil and agitated with water containing a
detergent (froathing agent)
When air is bubbled into this mixture, the
ore particles wetted by oil (hydrophobic)
adsorbs on air bubbles
Air bubbles are carried out to the surface
and forms a froth which is then collected
The earthy matter wetted by water
(hydrophilic) settles down at the bottom
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 Conversion of ore into oxide
• Calcination: The concentrated ore is heated in the absence
of air or with limited supply of oxygen below its melting point.
This process is called Calcination.
MCO3 or M(OH)x → MO + CO2 or x H2O

• Examples:
• Carbonates decomposes with evolution of CO2
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
CaCO3   → CaO +  CO2
• Hydrated ores looses water on calcination
Al2O3.2H2O  → Al2O3 + 2H2O
Fe2O3.3H2O  → Fe2O3 + 3H2O

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 Conversion of ore into oxide
• Roasting: The concentrated ore is heated in the presence of
excess of air below its melting point is called roasting.
• The metals get oxidized and non-metallic impurities (S,P,As
etc) are removed as volatile oxides.
• Examples:

2 PbS + 3O2  → 2PbO + 2SO2↑

2 ZnS + 3O2  → 2ZnO + 2SO2 ↑
2 Cu2S + 3O2  → 2Cu2O + 2SO2 ↑
CuS + 2O2  → CuSO4

S + O2 → SO2 ↑
2 As + 3 O2 → As2O3
 
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 Reduction of oxide ore
• Smelting:  The reduction of roasted ore with coke and flux in
the presence of air at high temperatures is called smelting.
• The metal oxide on heating with a reducing agent such as
coke (C) or carbon monoxide (CO) or H2 gas forms the
corresponding metal.
• In this process, roasted ore is reduced to metal and impurities
present are removed as slag
• The selection of reducing agent usually depends on chemical
reactivity of the metal.

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 Another Example
• In the extraction of iron, the roasted ore is mixed with
coke (C) & limestone (CaCO3) at high temperatures in a
blast furnace

Zone of combustion
C + O2 → CO2

Zone of reduction
CO2 + C → 2CO
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

Zone of slag formation

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

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 Refining of metal
The purification method depends on the nature of metal
and the impurity present
There are several refining processes available as shown
below
I. Electrolytic process
II. Liquation method
III. Distillation method
IV. Poling
V. Cupellation
Among these methods, the electrolytic refining is the most
commonly using method.

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 Electrolytic refining
• Active metals (Na, Mg, Al, Cu etc.,) are often purified by this method
• In this process, pure metal is made as cathode and impure metal as
anode
• On passing electricity, pure metal deposits at cathode
• The impurities remains dissolved in solution or settle down as
sludge

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 Summary
Potassium
Sodium More reactive
Calcium metals Electrolysis
Magnesium
Aluminium
[Carbon]
Heating metal
Zinc oxide with
Iron Less reactive carbon
Tin metals
Lead Heating the metal
Copper oxide
Silver
Gold Unreactive Physical
metal methods
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IIIT RKV
Occurrence and extraction of Copper
 Copper occurs both in combined state and free state. The important ores
of copper are

Extraction process: Copper can be extracted from copper pyrites (CuFeS2).

 Extraction of Copper involves the following steps
1. Concentration of ore
2. Roasting
3. Smelting
4. Reduction
5. Refining of copper
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Occurrence and extraction of Copper
Cu2S can be concentrated by Froth flotation
1. Concentration
process

S + O2 → SO2
2. Roasting 2 As + 3 O2 → As2O3
2CuFeS2 + O2 → Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2
 

2 FeS + 3 O2 → 2 FeO + 2 SO2

3. Smelting
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 (slag)

4. Reduction 2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → Cu2O + 2SO2 (oxidation)

(Bessemerization) Cu2S + 2 Cu2O → 6 Cu + SO2 (self-redn.)
 
5. Electrolytic At anode: Cu (impure) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e-
refining At cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)
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 Occurrence and extraction of Zinc
 Zinc mostly abundant in combined state. The important ores of Zn are

Extraction process: Zinc can be extracted from Zinc blende (ZnS).

 Extraction of Zinc involves the following steps

1. Concentration of ore
2. Roasting
3. Smelting (reduction)
4. Refining of zinc

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 Occurrence and extraction of Zinc
ZnS can be concentrated by Froth flotation
1. Concentration process

S + O2 → SO2
2. Roasting
2 As + 3 O2 → As2O3
2 ZnS + 3 O2  →  2 ZnO + 2 SO2
 
3. Smelting
ZnO + C →  Zn + CO
(reduction)

4. Electrolytic At anode: Zn (impure) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

refining At cathode: Zn2+(aq) + 2e- → Zn(s)
 

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 Occurrence and extraction of Iron
 Iron mainly occurs in combined state. The important ores of iron are

Extraction process: Iron can be extracted from Haematite and Magnetite

 Extraction of iron involves the following steps

1. Concentration of ore
2. Roasting
3. Smelting
4. Making of pig iron

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 Extraction of iron-The blast furnace
The iron ore concentrated is roasted to remove volatile impurities and the
resulted ore is processed in blast furnace to get molten iron (cast iron)
The roasted ore, coke and lime stone (CaCO3) are added
to the blast furnace and a blasts of hot air is passed
into the furnace near the bottom.
The following reactions occurs in different zones of blast furnace

Zone of combustion
C + O2 → CO2

Zone of reduction
CO2 + C → 2CO
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

Zone of slag formation

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

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 Cast iron, Wrought iron & steel

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 Cast iron, Wrought iron & steel

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 Occurrence and extraction of Aluminum
 Aluminum is the most abundant metal and third most plentiful
element in earth’s crust (7.5% by mass).
 It is very reactive so does not occur in free state in nature.
 The principle ore of Al is Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O)
 Other minerals of Al are Corondum (Al2O3), Diaspore (Al2O3.H2O),
beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18), cryolite (Na3AlF6) etc.,
Extraction process:
AI can be extracted from its principle ore Bauxite
 Bauxite ore contains 30-70% Al2O3 and remaining portion is
gangue that contains sand, silica, Iron oxide (Fe2O3) etc.,
 Extraction of Al involves the following steps
1. Concentration of Bauxite
2. Electrolytic reduction of Alumina
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 Concentration of Al by Baeyer’s
process
Bauxite ore
-Iron oxide conc. NaOH
Al2O3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) → 2 NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l)
 
-Silica Dilute with H2O

NaAlO2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) → Al(OH)3(s) ↓ + NaOH(aq)

 
-H2O Ignite at 1000oC

2 Al(OH)3(s) → Al2O3(s) + 3 H2O(l)

 

Similarly, bauxite can also be concentrated using Na2CO3 (Hall’s process)

or coke (Serpeck’s process) to get alumina (Al2O3)

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 Electrolytic reduction of Alumina

Ionization of Alumina
Al2O3(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3O2-(aq)
  At anode: 2O2- → O + 4 e-
2(g)

At cathode: Al3+ + 3 e- → Al(s)

The molten Al obtained may be further purified by Hoope’s electrolytic refining if needed
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 Occurrence and extraction of Magnesium
 Magnesium is the most reactive element and it is widely
distributed in sea water, well water etc.,
 Mg is a mainly extracted conveniently from sea water
 Other minerals of Mg are Magnesite (MgCO3), Dolomite (MgCO3.
CaCO3), carnalite (2KCl.MgCl2.6H2O) etc.,

Extraction process: Mg can be extracted from Magnesite, dolomite

or sea water.
 Extraction of Mg involves the following steps
1) Formation of MgCl2
2) Electrolytic reduction of MgCl2

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 Extraction of Magnesium from sea
water
Sea water (Mg2+)
Ca(OH)2
Mg2+(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + Ca2+(aq)
 
Conc. HCl

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq)↓ + 2 H-OH(l)

 
Electrolysis

At cathode:   Mg2+ + 2e- → Mg

At anode:   2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- Electrolytic reduction of MgCl2
 
In case of magnesite MgCl2 can be obtained by calcination
While from Carnalite, MgCl2 can be prepared by treating with HCl gas

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 Concentration of Ore
• Copper pyrites can be concentrated by Froth flotation process
• The fine powder of ore is mixed with pine oil and water and
agitated in presence of a detergent
• Now on bubbling with air, the ore particles wetted by oil
adheres to air bubble and floats as foam
• The gangue or earthy matter remains wetted by water settle
at the bottom

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 Roasting
• The concentrated ore is heated in excess supply of air on the hearth of
reverberatory furnace below its melting point.
• The following reactions can occur

1. The non-metallic impurities like Sulphur, arsenic etc

oxidizes as volatile oxides
S + O2 → SO2
4 As + 3O2 → 2As2O3
2. Copper pyrites is converted to a mixture of Cu2S and FeS
2 CuFeS2 + O2 → Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2

3. The sulphides of Cu and Fe are partially oxidized

  2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
  2FeS + 3O2 → 2FeO + 2SO2
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 Smelting
 The roasted ore is mixed with coke and silica(flux) is heated
in a blast furnace by a blast of hot air.
2FeS + 3O2 → 2FeO + 2SO2
Cu2O + FeS → Cu2S + FeO
 In molten state mixture of ore both Cu2S and FeS are present
called copper matte, get collected in the hearth of the furnace
 FeS oxidized to FeO and removes as slag.
FeO+SiO2→FeSiO3
    Gangue + flux → Slag
 FeSiO3 (slag) floats over the molten matte of copper.

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 BESSEMERIZATION
• Copper matte is oxidized first and it
undergo self-reduction in a Bessemer
converter to form Copper metal.
2Cu2S + 3O2 → Cu2O + 2SO2
Cu2S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + SO2
• This reaction is highly exothermic and
Cu obtained is in molten state with SO2
as impurity
 The copper (90%) so obtained is called
"Blister copper"

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 Electrolytic refining

At anode: Cu (impure) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e-

At cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)
 
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 Concentration of Ore
Zinc blende is concentrated by
floath floatation process. The
pulverized ore is kept in large
tank containing water and pine
oil.
The mixture is agitated by
passing compressed air.
Ore forms froth and comes to
the surface while impurities are
left in water.

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 Roasting

• The concentrated are is heated in excess supply of air above 9000c

on the hearth of reverberatory furnace.
• During roasting, Zinc sulphide is converted to Zinc Oxide.
2ZnS + 3O2  →  2ZnO + 2SO2
• Small amount of ZnS may be oxidized to ZnSO4 but above 9000c , ZnSO4
decompose forming Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
ZnS + 2O2    →   ZnSO4
ZnSO4   above 900→ 2ZnO + 2SO2 + O2

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 Smelting(reduction)
• ZnO obtained during roasting is mixed with coke and
heated strongly where ZnO is reduced to Zn by carbon.
ZnO + C   →   Zn + CO
• The reduction is done in vertical refort.
• This process is carried out at 1400o C
• The obtained Zn vaporizes and condenses to give
molten zinc called spelter zinc

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 Purification
• Zinc spelter contains Pb, Fe, Cd, As, etc. as impurities. Impure zinc
can be purified by either fractional distillation or electrolysis.
• a. By fractional distillation:-
• The B.P of Pb, Fe are higher than that of zinc while that of cadmium,
arsenic are lower than that of zinc.
Pb>Fe>Zn>Cd>As
• When distillation is carried out around 1000°c, zinc, Cd, As, etc.
distill off leaving Pb and Fe
• The distillate is then heated to 800°c where Cd and As distill off
leaving pure zinc.
• This sample of Zn is about 99% pure.

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 Purification
• b. By electrolysis:-
• Zinc of higher purity can be obtained by electrolysis.
• Pure zinc rod is used as cathode while a block of
impure zinc is used as anode.
• A mixture of ZnSO4 and dill H2SO4 is used as
electrolyte.
• On passing current impure zinc dissolves and
equivalent amount of pure zinc is deposited at
cathode.

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Extraction of Iron
• Iron is mined from the ground
as iron ores.
• Haematite is one important
ore.
• Iron is extracted from the
oxide in a blast furnace.
Ore Formula
Iron pyrites FeS2
Siderite FeCO3
Red haematite Fe2O3
Magnatite Fe3O4
Limonite 2Fe2O3.3H2O
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 Extraction of ore
1. Concentration:
Haematite ore being oxide ore is concentrated by gravity separation process using hydraulic
separator. The oxide is being heavier settles to the bottom while lighter impurities come to the
surface and is removed.
 
2. Calcination:
The concentrated ore is heated in limited supply of air on the shallow hearth of Reverberatory
furnace during calcination, following changes occur.
•i. Moisture and volatile impurities are driven out.
Fe2O3.3H2O → Fe2O3 + 3H2O
•ii. Non-metallic impurities like S, P etc are removed as their oxides.
S + O2             →            SO2
P4 + 5O2         →             2P2O5
•iii. If any carbonate is present then it dissociates to give oxide.
FeCO3               →           FeO + CO2

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 Smelting
• The calcined ore is mixed with lime
stone (CaCO3) (Flux) and coke in the
ratio of 8:1:4 and charged into blast
furnace.
• The blast furnace is cylindrical steel
vessel lined 6m in diameter
• The inner walls are lined with
refractory bricks
• On passing Pre heated compressed
air inside the furnace, four distinct
zones are formed.

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 200-250oC

400-700oC

800-1000oC

1600oC

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Extraction of Iron
• The following reactions take
place in the blast furnace:
• Zone of Combustion
• Coke reacts with oxygen to
form carbon dioxide and heat.

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

• Zone of Reduction
• Carbon dioxide reacts with
more coke to form carbon
monoxide.
CO2(g) + C(s) 2CO(g)
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 • Carbon monoxide reacts with
iron(III) oxide to produce molten
iron.
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
• Zone of Slag formation
• Limestone is decomposed by heat
to produce calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
• Impurities such as silicon dioxide
reacts with calcium oxide to
produce slag (calcium silicate).

SiO2(s) + CaO(s) CaSiO3(l)

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 Exercise Time:
The Conditions in the Blast Furnace
1. What is the role of coke in the blast furnace?
It acts as a reducing agent

2. What is the role of limestone in the blast furnace?

Limestone helps to remove acidic impurities
3. Which ore of iron is commonly used in the blast furnace?
Haematite
4. Why is it called a blast furnace?

Because hot air is ‘blasted into the furnace’

5. What do we call the layer of impurities that forms at the base of
the blast furnace above the liquid iron?

Slag

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 Exercise
1. Limestone is added to the blast furnace to remove acidic
impurities. What is the name and chemical formula of the
compound that limestone mainly consists of?

Calcium carbonate - CaCO3

2. In the blast furnace this compound undergoes thermal
decomposition. Write a word equation for this reaction.

Calcium carbonate  calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

3. What is the chemical equation for this reaction?

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

4. Calcium oxide reacts with the impurity silicon dioxide. Write the
chemical equation for this chemical reaction.

CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) CaSiO3 (l)

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 Aluminum (Al)
• Al is not found in free state but it is available in compound state
in either silicates or oxide form
• Silicate ores:
• Potash feldspar-K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
• Kaolin-Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
• Oxide ores:
• Corundum-Al2O3
• Daispore-Al2O3.H2O
• Bauxite- Al2O3.2H2O
• Gibbsite-Al2O3.3H2O

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 Extraction of Aluminum from bauxite ore

• Aluminum can be extracted from its Bauxite

ore.
• It involves three steps
• 1. Purification of Al
• 2. Electrolysis of Alumina
• 3. Refining of Aluminum

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 Purification by Baeyer’s process

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 Hall’s process
• Crude bauxite at 1100oC reacts with Na2CO3
• Al2O3 + Na2CO3 → 2NaAlO2 +CO2
• Fe2O3 + Na2CO3 → 2NaFeO2 + CO2
• SiO2 + Na2CO3 → Na2SiO3 +CO2
• Then at 50-60oC CO2 is passed through NaAl2O3
solution to form Al(OH)3
• 2NaAlO2 + CO2 +3H2O  2Al(OH)3+ Na2CO3
• 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O↑
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 Serpeck’s process
• White bauxite can be purified by this method
• Bauxite is mixed with coke and heated to 1800 oC
in a current of Nitrogen gas
• Al2O3 + 3C + N2  2AlN + 3CO
• SiO2 + 2C  Si + 2CO
• The AlN obtained is reacted with hot and dil.NaOH
• AlN + 3H2O  Al(OH)3 + NH3
• 2Al(OH)3  Al2O3 + 3H2O (calcination@1100oC)

06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 61

 Electrolytic reduction

• Cathode: Carbon Ionization: AlF3 = Al3+ + 3F-

• Anode: Graphite rod At anode: 2F-  F2 + 2e-
• Electrolyte: Cryolite+ At cathode: Al3+ + 3e- Al
Flurospar+Al2O3 The liberated F2 reacts with
• Temperature:900oC Alumina to form AlF3 and O2.
06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 62
 Refining of Aluminum

The electrolysis is carried out in a carbon lined iron tank, which is filled with
three molten layers of different specific gravity one over the other.
Top layer: Pure molten Al - Cathode
Middle layer: (Na3 AlF6 + Ba F2) – electrolyte
Bottom layer: Impure Aluminum - Anode
When electric current is passed, Al+3 ions from the middle layer go to the top
layer and are deposited as pure Aluminium.
06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 63
 Magnesium
• Magnesium occurs as
• Magnesite-MgCO3
• Dolomite- MgCO3.CaCO3
• Epsomite- MgSO4.7H2O
• Carnalite- 2KCl.MgCl2.6H2O etc.,
• The chloride and sulfate ores are available in
sea water which is being extracted

06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 64

 Extraction of Magnesium

(a) From magnesite or Dolomite

The ore is first calcined to form the oxide
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2
CaCO3.MgCO3 → CaO.MgO + 2CO2
The metal is obtained from the oxide or the mixed oxides as
follows:
(i) From MgO : The oxide is mixed with carbon and heated in a
current of chlorine gas.
MgO + C + Cl2 → MgCl2 + CO
The chloride thus obtained is subjected to electrolysis.

06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 65

 Extraction of Mg
(b) From Carnalite: The ore is dehydrated in a current of hydrogen chloride
and the mixture of fused chloride is electrolysed.

MgCl2.6H2O → MgCl2 + 6H2O

(c) From Sea water: Sea water containing magnesium chloride is

concentrated under the sun and is treated with calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2.
Mg(OH)2 is thus precipitated, filtered and heated with HCl solution
MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O

06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 66

 Electrolysis of MgCl2

06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 67

 Electrolysis of MgCl2
MgCl2 obtained by any of the above methods is fused
and mixed with NaCl and CaCl2 in the temperature
range of 973–1023 K.
The molten mixture is electrolysed.
Magnesium is liberated at the cathode and chlorine is
evolved at the anode.
At cathode:   Mg2+ + 2e- → Mg
At cathode:   2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
A stream of coal gas is blown through the cell to prevent
oxidation of Mg metal. Mg metal is obtained in liquid
state
06/08/2022which is further distilled
P Nagaraja, to give
Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV pure magnesium. 68
06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 69
06/08/2022 P Nagaraja, Asst. Prof. in Chemistry, IIIT RKV 70