Defining distributions

consonant Allophones
Jupri (2088203022)
Ricky Yakob (2088203029)

Lecturer: Lutfiyah Apriani, M.Pd

Table of Contents
I II
Phonemes Revisit Allophones

III IV
Free Variation Complementary
Allophones Distribution
Allophones
 Phonemes revisit

1
Ancient Greek φώνημα
(phonema), from φωνέω
2
The smallest unit of speech
that can be used to make one
3
The smallest contrastive
linguistic unit which may
(phoneō), from φωνή (phone) word different from another bring about a change of
= speech sound word meaning (Gimson, 2008)
English Phonemes
 Allophones

from the Greek: άλλος, állos, An allophone is one of a set of multiple

"other" and φωνή, phöne,
"voice, sound."= Other
1 2 possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to
pronounce a single phoneme
sound

Allophones do not change Allophones happen because of the

the meaning of a word 3 4 position of a phoneme and the phonetic
characteristics of neighboring sounds
Kinds of Allophones
1. Free Variation Allophones
2. Complementary Distribution
Allophones
 Free Variation Allophones
Where the use of a particular allophone overlaps with the use of
others. Two sounds are used indiscriminately in different
phonetic context.
Complementary Distribution
Allophones
Two allophones are in complementary distribution if the contexts
in which they appear do not overlap. Two sound are never used
in the same phonetic context.
Examples for Complementary Distribution
Allophones

Allophones of [t]
Water → [t̬ ]
Tap → [th]
Pat → [t]
Are there any
questions?

Thank You for the

attendance!