POWER AND POLTICS

PRESENTERS:
NOOR UL SABA (19010920-010)
MISBAH (19010920-014)
AMINA NOOR (19010920-041)
NAYAB FATIMA (19001920-027)
HADEESA ASHFAQ (19010920-030)
SHEHER BANO (19010920-048)
IZZA FAIZ (19010920-035)
ISHA ( 19810920-010)
 POLITICS AND POWER

Power and politics are two faces of a single coin

They move parallely together.
 POWER

 Power refers to the possession of authority and influence over

others.
 A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts
in accordance with A’s wishes.
 Power may exist but not be used.
 Someone can have power but not
impose it.
 DEPENDENCY

 The most important aspect of power is that it is a function of

dependency. The greater B’s dependence on A, the greater is A’s
power in the relationship.
  Dependency is directly related to power. The more that a person
or unit is dependent on you, the more power you have.
 POWER AND LEADERSHIP

 Power is the ability of an individual to exercise some form of

control over another individual. On the other hand, leadership is
the ability to create a vision, motivate people to work towards
achieving the vision.
 Power is generally controlling and forceful in making followers
follow commands. Leadership involves inspiring the subordinates
to complete tasks.
 Leadership requires power in order to be effective. However,
power does not depend on leadership.
 One can have power but not be a leader. But all leaders require
some form of power in order to inspire subordinates.
 TYPES OF POWER

Formal Power:
 Coercive power
 Legitimate power
 Reward power
Informal Power:
 Referent power
 Expert power
 COERCIVE POWER

 Coercive power is the ability of a manager o force an employee

to follow an order by threatening the employee with punishment
if the employee does not comply with the order.
Examples of coercive power
 Threats of write-ups
 Pay-cuts
 Terminations if employee
does not follow order.
 LEGITIMATE POWER

 Legitimate power is power you derive from your formal position

or office held in the organization’s hierarchy of authority.
Examples of Legitimate power are:
 The president of the cooperation has certain powers because of
the office he holds in the cooperation.
 A professor in an institute.
 REWARD POWER

 Reward power is the power of a manager to give some kind of

reward to an employee as a means of influence the employee to
act.
 Rewards can be : Tangible, Intangible.
Tangible rewards include:
 Monetary rewards
 Wage or salary increase
 Bonuses
 Certificates, Medals
 Gifts
 In-tangible rewards are not physical, they include:
 Praise
 Positive feed-back
 Recognition
 More responsibility including a rise in status
 REFERENT POWER

 Referent power is power of an individual over the team or

followers, based on a high level of identification with, admiration
of, or respect for powerholder/ leader.
Examples of referent power are:
 Nationalism
 Patriotism
 Celebrities
 Mass leaders
 Widely- respected leaders.
 EXPERT POWER

 Expert power is based upon employees perception that a manager

or some other member of an organization has a high level of
knowledge or a specialized set of skills that other employees or
members of the organization do not possess.
 POSITIVE EFFECTS OF POWER

 Leadership responsibilities
 Organizational and personal goals
 Inspire commitment
 Creativity
 Reduction of bureaucratic obstacles
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS

 Bully bosses
 Manipulator
 Sexual harassment
 POWER TACTICS

 Power tactics are ways in which individuals translate power bases

into specific actions.

 Researchers have identified nine distinct influence tactics:

Legitimacy: relying on one’s authority position or stressing that a
request is in accordance with organizational policies.

Rational Persuasion: presenting logical arguments and factual

evidence to demonstrate that a request is reasonable.
Inspirational appeals: developing emotional commitment by
appealing to a target’s values, needs and aspirations.
Consultation: Increasing the target’s motivation and support by
involving him/her in deciding how the plan or change will be
accomplished.

Rewarding: Rewarding the target with benefits in exchange for

following a request.

Personal appeals: Asking for compliance based on friendship or

loyalty
Integration: Using flattery, praise or friendly behavior prior to
making a request.

Pressure: Using warnings, repeated demands and threats.

Coalitions: Enlisting the aid of other people to persuade the target

or using the support of others as a reason for the target to agree.
 POLITICS

 Workplace politics is the use of power and social networking

within an organization to achieve changes that benefit the
organization or individuals within it.
 Influence by individuals may serve personal interests without
regard to their effect on the organization itself.
 TYPES OF POLITICS

 Legitimate politics
 Illegitimate politics
o Avoiding Actions
• Over conforming
• Buck passing
• Playing dumb
• Stalling
o Avoiding blames
• Buffing
• Playing safe
• Justifying
• Misrepresenting
 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO POLITICAL
BEHAVIOR

Organizational Factors:
 Reallocation of resources
 Promotion opportunities
 Low trust
 Role ambiguity
 Democratic decision making
 High performance pressure
 Unclear performance evaluation system
 Self serving senior managers
Individual Factors:
 High-self monitors
 Inefficiency of the employee
 High match personality
 Organizational investment
 Perceived job alternatives
 Expectations of success
 POLITICAL TACTICS

 subset of political behavior that is used by a social actor for

influencing other social actors to earn self-interests.

Political Tactics:
 Scapegoating:
Shift the blame to others when
outcomes are bad.
 Building Coalitions:
 Unite with others to increase power and achieve goals.
 Individuals alone are much less effective at influencing than
groups.
 Networking:
 forming relationships with
influential people
 To gain power information.
 Flattering :
 Make others feel good
 it’s hard to overdo flattery.

 Managing Impressions:
 Manage your appearance to impress
 Underscoring one’s accomplishments
 Claiming credit whenever possible
 Effects of politics on organization

Decrease in overall productivity

Affects concentration
Changes the attitude of employees
Demotivated employees
Increases stress
Ethics of power and politics in an Organization

 When the use of power moves outside the realm of authority,

policies, procedures, and job descriptions, or is directed towards
ends not sanctioned by the organization, the use of power is
political. Ethical issues emerge when the use of power stretches
into the realm of political behavior.
THANK YOU….