Nano and Bio

Materials

Group 6
 Contents of this presentation:

8. Biomaterials in Engineering
1. What is materials in Material Science
9. History of Biomaterials
and Engineering
10. Classification of Biomaterials
2. Nanomaterials in Engineering
3. History of Nanomaterials 11. Types of Biomaterials
4. Classification and comparison of 12. Performance of Biomaterials
Nanomaterials
5. Properties of Nanomaterials
6. Applications of Nanomaterials
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Nanomaterials
 3

Lesson 1.
What is Materials in
Material Science and
Engineering
Let’s first have a recap about Material Science and Engineering:
➜ Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) combines engineering, physics and
chemistry principles to solve real-world problems associated with
nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, energy, manufacturing
and other major engineering disciplines.
➜ Everything is made of something. Materials scientists investigate how
materials perform and why they sometimes fail. By understanding the structure
of matter, from atomic scale to millimeter scale, they invent new ways to
combine chemical elements into materials with unprecedented functional
properties. Other branches of engineering rely heavily on materials scientists
and engineers for the advanced materials used to design and manufacture
products. Materials scientists work with diverse types of materials (e.g., metals,
polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals, composites) for a broad range of
applications (e.g., energy, construction, electronics, biotechnology,
nanotechnology)
 “
History has defined human
evolution based on materials.
The stone age, the bronze
age, the iron age and more
recently the semiconductor
age.
Nanomaterials in
Engineering
➜
“
The term “nano” comes from ancient Greek
and means “dwarf” (nános = dwarf). However,
What does nano
mean?
the nanosciences deal not with garden gnomes
but with tiny nanostructures only a few
nanometers in size (<100 nm).
➜ Used as a prefix, “nano” denotes 10-9, just as
“kilo” denotes 103 and “milli” 10-3. A
nanometer is therefore equal to a billionth of
a meter i.e. 0.000000001 m.
➜ A single atom is about 0.1 nm in size.
Nanostructures therefore consist of a limited
number of atoms and molecules.
 NANOMATERIALS
Nanomaterials are materials that are
truly tiny in scale – materials that are of
the order of one billionth of a meter in
size. For perspective, such materials are
10 – 100 times smaller than the
thickness of a human hair. At these
dimensions, the behaviors of some
materials changes drastically, resulting
in materials which have interesting
electrical, mechanical and chemical
properties.
Nanomaterials are cornerstones of
nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Nanostructure science and technology is
a broad and interdisciplinary area of
research and development activity.
It has the potential for revolutionizing
the ways in which materials and
products are created and the range and
nature of functionalities that can be
accessed. It is already having a
significant commercial impact, which
will
assuredly increase in the future.
History of nanomaterials
 The history of nanomaterials began immediately after the big bang when Nanostructures were
formed in the early meteorites. Nature later evolved many other Nanostructures like seashells,
skeletons etc. Nano-scaled smoke particles were formed during the use of fire by early humans.
One of the first scientific report is the colloidal gold particles synthesized by Michael Faraday
as early as 1857. Nanostructured catalysts have also been investigated for over 70 years. By the
early 1940’s, precipitated and fumed silica nanoparticles were being manufactured and sold in
USA and Germany as substitutes for ultrafine carbon black for rubber reinforcements.
 In the 1960s and 1970, metallic nano-powders for magnetic recording tapes were developed.
In 1976, for the first time, nanocrystals produced by the now popular inert- gas evaporation
technique was published by Granqvist and Buhrman.
 Today nanophase engineering expands in a rapidly growing number of structural and functional
materials, both inorganic and organic, allowing to manipulate mechanical, catalytic, electric,
magnetic, optical and electronic functions.
WHERE ARE NANO-
MATERIALS
FOUND?
Some nanomaterials occur naturally, but of
particular interest are engineered
nanomaterials (EN), which are designed for,
and already being used in many commercial
products and processes. They can be found
in such things as sunscreens, cosmetics,
sporting goods, stain-resistant clothing,
tires, electronics, as well as many other
everyday items, and are used in medicine
for purposes of diagnosis, imaging and drug
delivery.
Classification of Nanomaterials:

NANOMATERIALS

Two Dimensional Three

One Dimensional
Nanomaterial Nanomaterial Dimensional
Nanomaterial
Comparison between the classifications:

This type of material has one dimension arrangement of

ONE DIMENSIONAL atoms in the nanoscale range. Examples of one dimension
NANOMATERIALS nanomaterial are surface coatings and thin films.

This type of material has two dimension arrangements of

TWO DIMENSIONAL atoms in the nanoscale range. Examples of two-dimension
NANOMATERIALS nanomaterial are biopolymers, nanotubes, and nanowires.

THREE This type of material has three dimension arrangements

DIMENSIONAL of atoms in the nanoscale range. The examples for three-
NANOIMATERIALS dimension nanomaterials are fullerenes.
 Properties of nanomaterials
• Physical properties • Catalytic activity
• Mechanical properties • Electrical properties
• Magnetic properties • Semiconductors
• Optical properties • Superconductors
• Thermal properties
• Surface area
 Applications of nanomaterials
➜ The nanomaterials have its
applications in distinct fields
and few of them are as follows:

• Material technology • Biomedicals

• Information technology • Energy storage
• The carbon nanotubes and
nanowires are utilized in
making many components.
 ADVANTAGES
OF
NANOMATERIALS

 The properties of nanomaterials, particularly their size, offer various different

advantages compared to the bulk-form of the materials.
 In the energy sector, the use of nanomaterials is advantageous in that they can
make the existing methods of generating energy.
 Their use will permit an increase in the accuracy of the construction of electronic
circuits on an atomic level, assisting in the development of numerous electronic
products.
 The very large surface-to-volume ratio of nanomaterials is especially useful in
their use in the medical field, which permits the bonding of cells and active
ingredients.
 DISADVANTAGES
OF
NANOMATERIALS

 Due to the relative novelty of the widespread use of nanomaterials, there is not a
large amount of information on the health and safety aspects of exposure to the
materials.
 Inhalation exposure.
 The manufacturing process can often be complex and difficult.
 Run the risk of ending up in aquatic ecosystems after they are washed off.
Biomaterials in
Engineering
 “ What does bio
mean?
The combining form bio– is used like a
prefix meaning “life.” It is often used
in scientific terms, especially in
biology. The form bio– comes from
Greek bíos, meaning “life’ and or living
organism.
 BIOMATERIALS
Biomaterials are materials used in
medicine and dentistry that are
intended to come in contact with
living tissue.
Biomaterials focuses on the
development of materials that
improve the interface between
technology and human tissues.
A biomaterial is any material; natural or
man-made; that comprises whole or part
of a living structure or biomedical
device which performs, augments, or
replaces a natural function.
“A systemically and pharmacologically
inert substance designed for
implantation within or incorporation
with living system (The Clemson
University advisory board for
biomaterials.)
History of biomaterials
 More than 2000 years ago, Romans, Chinese and Aztec’s use gold in dentistry.
 Turn of century, synthetic implants become available.
 1937 Poly(methyl methacrylate) introduced in dentistry.
 1968, rob suggests Dacron that fabrics can be used to fabricate an arterial prosthetics.
 1960, Charnley uses PMMA, ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylend, and stainless steel for
total hip replacement.
 Late 1960 to early 1970’s biomaterial field solidified.
 1975, Society for Biomaterial formed.

 TODAY, biomaterials represent a significant

portion of healthcare industry.
Classification of Biomaterials:

BIOMATERIALS

Organic Inorganic

Polymers Semiconductors Metals Ceramics

Let’s review some types of biomaterials:
MATERIALS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES EXAMPLES

Polymers Resilient and easy to Not strong and deforms Sutures, vascular graft,
Nylon, fabricate with time, may degrade. hip socket, intraocular
Polythylene, lenses
Silicone,
Teflon, Dacron,
Acrylates
Metals Strong, Tough and May corrode, Dense and Joint replacement, bone
Titanium and Ductile difficult to make plates and screws, dental
its alloys, Co- root implant
Cr alloys,
stainless steel
and gold
Ceramics Very biocompatible, Difficult to make, weak Joint implants and dental
Aluminum inert, strong in in tension fillings
oxide, compression
Phosphates,
Carbon
Performance of Biomaterials:

The success of biomaterials in the body depends on

factors such as:

- Material properties
- Design of the implants
- Biocompatibility of the materials
- Technique used by the surgeon
- Health and condition of the patient
- Patient activities
 25

Thank you for listening!