COCONUT

Cocos nucifera
John Edrick Labarro
Jena Dialimas
Jennifer Almadin
Alliah Sumallo
Aldrin Digo
Daisey Mercado
Trixie Pam Lorio
Liezle Salud
Rhealyn Reterado
Rowena Loto
Starry Cleto
CLASSIFICATION
▪ Kingdom: Plantae
▪ Division: Magnoliophyta
▪ Class: Liliopsida
▪ Order: Arecales
▪ Family: Arecaceae
▪ Genus: Cocos
▪ Species: C. nucifera
COCONUT STATUS INDUSTRY IN THE PHILIPPINE
▪ Coconut also known as the “tree of life”, is one of
the most important crops in the Philippines. It is
considered a major export, contributing 3.6% of
the country’s gross value-added (GVA) in
agriculture, next to banana, corn and rice. Indeed,
the country remains to be a top producer and
exporter worldwide (PSA 2019, Lapina and Andal
2017).
▪ The Philippines is the second largest producer of
coconut products in the world, next to Indonesia.
▪ The Davao Region in the Philippines is the top
coconut-producer which contributed 14.4% to the
country’s total coconut production for the year
2018.
▪ Major Philippine traditional coconut products include copra, copra
meal, coconut oil, desiccated coconut, coconut shell charcoal,
activated carbon, and oleochemicals.
▪ the non-traditional coconut food products exported by the
Philippines are fresh coconuts, grated coco meat, coco flour, nata de
coco, coconut water, coconut milk powder, liquid coconut milk,
macapuno, frozen coco meat, coconut chips, and coco jam.
▪ The Philippines also exports to major markets non-food coconut
products, such as coco shell powder, virgin coconut oil, hydrogenated
coconut oils, coco handicrafts, and coco coir.
Production volume of coconut in the Philippines
from 2011 to 2020(in million metric tons)
▪ In 2020, the production volume of coconut in the Philippines
amounted to around 14.49 million metric tons, reflecting a decrease
from the previous year. The volume of coconut produced in the
country reached its peak in 2012.

▪ the major problems in the export of coconut products is the declining

volume of production, which resulted in the failure of meeting the
demand in the world market.
DESCRIPTION
▪ The fruit of the coconut palm, which
consists of a fibrous husk (mesocarp)
encasing a huge seed or inner stone,
is known as a coconut. The edible,
commercially important white and
fleshy section of the seed (the
coconut "meat" or endosperm),
which surrounds the hollow, fluid-
filled core body, is also referred to as
a coconut. The hollow center is filled
to the brim with a cloudy but
translucent tasting liquid (liquid
endosperm) that is somewhat
thicker than water.
DESCRIPTION
▪ The flowers of the coconut palm
are radially symmetric and
polygamomonoecious, with
both male and female flowers in
the same inflorescence.
Flowering occurs continuously,
with female flowers producing
seeds. Coconut palms are
believed to be largely cross-
pollinated, although some dwarf
varieties are self-pollinating.
DESCRIPTION
▪ Grows to about 30 meters tall and is
extensively cultivated in tropical climates.
▪ it is the only extant species in the genus
Cocos.
▪ The Sanskrit name for coconut is kalpa
vriksha, which means "the tree that provides
all the necessities of life.“
▪ The white fleshy part: foods
▪ Coconut water: nutritious drink
▪ Leftover fiber from coconut milk: livestock
feeds
▪ Fiber from husk: rope, brushes and etc.
▪ Roots: dye or medicine
▪ Palmwood: furniture
▪ Leaves: basket or roofing hatch
A quick overview of the amazing uses of the
coconut (Image by Clara Chan).
DESCRIPTION
▪ It has a straight, unbranched
stem, with large, compound
evergreen leaves that are
pinnate, 4-6m long, with
pinnae 60-90 cm long.
DESCRIPTION
▪ coconut meat contains less fat than other dry nuts such as peanuts and
almonds, it is noted for its high amount of saturated fat, approximately
90% fat saturated found in coconut meat (NutritionData 2007).
▪ Coconut meat also contains less sugar and more protein than popular
fruits such as bananas, apples and oranges, and it is relatively high in
minerals such as iron, phosphorus, and zinc.
▪ the coconut is still green, the endosperm (coconut meat) is thin,soft
and tender more like a gelatin.
▪ A big nut contains up to 1 liter of coconut water.
DESCRIPTION
▪ When the nut has ripened and the outer husk has turned brown, a
few months later, it will fall from the palm of its own accord. At that
time the endosperm has thickened and hardened, while the coconut
water has become somewhat bitter.
▪ It is naturally fat-free and low in food energy (16.7 calories or 70 kJ
per 100 g). Due to its sterility, pH, mineral, and sugar content, coconut
water had been successfully used as liquid in intravenous therapy in
emergency situations.
SELECTION OF BREEDS
What is Selection?
Selection is the basis
of planting breeding.
When we talk about
selection as plant
breeders, we are
referring to artificial
selection — we walk
into our field and
advance a subset of
plant individuals (by
saving their
seeds/tubers/cuttings
and replanting them)
that meet our
objectives.
Coconut breeding
was started for the
first time in the
world in 1916, at
coconut research
station Neleshwar
of Kerala.
Coconut palm are being selected on the basis of
following characters.
a)Yield - It should be regular bearer.
- Annual yield should not be less than 80
per palm.
- Copra content should be about 150g per
nut.
b) Age of the plant
- It is advisable to select palm which have
reached full bearing stage and giving higher yield
for conservatively four years.
-Selection of very old tree should be avoided.

- Seed nut should be collected from established

seed garden
c) Nature and disposition of leaves
- A mother palm should have at least 30 fully
opened leaves on the crown.
- The leaves should have short and strong
petiole with wide leaf base firmly attached to
the stem.
-Tree having a drooping or upright position of
leaves are generally avoided due to their poor
yielding capacity.
-Female flower distribution per spike determines
the yield potential of tree.  Generally every leaf
axil should be one inflorescence with several
spike.
- Generally every leaf axil should be one
inflorescence with several spike.
- There should be 12 bunches on the crown.
d) Size and shape of nut
-Size is variable factor and which varies from
variety to variety .
-Generally, these shapes are common in coconut
i.e. oblong, round and elliptical.
-Vigour of seedlings depend upon the size of the
husked nut, thickness of kernel and size of
embryo present in kernel.

- Palm producing barren nuts, irregular bearing

should be avoided for selection as mother palm.

-Process of identifying male transmitters can be

speeded up by the use of dwarf palm as female
since they are largely self pollinated and are
reasonably homogenous.
Breeding Principles

• Evolving superior and heavy yielding strains or

varieties of coconut by breeding does not
appear to have received the attention that it
deserves.
• Introduction of better varieties and strains.
• Artificial self-pollination and selection in self-
fertilised lines.
• Hybridisation-natural or artificial.
• Mass selection and strain building.
• Close and line breeding, etc.
• Plant-to-row method.
Mass selection
• can be used as effective methods in improvement of
coconut. In this method superior mother palms are
selected.
• The success of this method depends on the ability of
breeder and heritability of traits under consideration.
• The genetic structure of the coconut populations was
modified by successive selection of fruit
characteristics.
• The system of selection of the best trees within the
best plots began to be applied more recently. In this
period, all research stations involved with coconut
breeding have used this mass selection system.
• In most cases, the selection criteria include the yield
of copra per tree or one of its components such as
number of fruits produced or nut copra content;
various authors have included resistance to disease
(which can be the main limiting factor), drought
tolerance, or certain vegetative and reproductive
characteristics.
• Mass selection using open pollination has been
practised most. The advantage of the method is its
simplicity: seednuts are collected from trees which
show attractive characteristics at a certain moment or
over a certain period. Progenies resulting from open
pollination are the basis of an improved population,
which will then undergo other selection cycles.
The other variants of mass selection consist
either of selfing the selected trees, or
intercrossing them.
These methods, more cumbersome because
they require hand pollination, were less often
used.
Plant-To-Row Method
• 'Plant-to-row method' in the
breeding of crops has led to a
great improvement in the
production of quality seed
material in crops open for
cross pollination.
• This method of improvement
of the coconut from a
practical point of view as an
adjunct to the 'close breeding'
methods of establishment of
isolated seed gardens.
• In undertaking this method, seed-nuts of
progeny are selected from palms which
appeared to be superior or as indicated by the
various criteria used for selection of good
palms or preferably by previous yield records.
• Seednuts are sown in nurseries with
progeny of single palms in separate lines
for comparision in respect of growth and
vigour of seedlings.
• Seednuts are sown in nurseries with progeny of
single palms in separate lines for comparision in
respect of growth and vigour of seedlings.
• This sowing in rows makes it possible to
eliminate rows of seedlings which are
inferior in performance.
• After rejecting such rows, planting materials
from the other rows, viz., vigorous seedlings
satisfying all the pre-requisites, are selected.
• These seedlings are planted side by side
under optimum conditions, so that the
heredity of progeny of individual parents
could be judged to some extent from the
very early stage of growth onwards.
Hybridization
• Hybridization is possible
by controlled pollination
to make hybrids where
both the mother and
father are known,
designated as a 'paired
cross', which formed the
basis of a new method of
tree breeding as some of
the high yielding paired
crosses have given a
yield more than twice the
average.
• Re-sowing of proved high yielding pairs resulted
in a gain of 30 per cent over the unselected
commercial material and further cycle of paired
cross between the best of the paired crosses
have given still further increase in yield.
• Breeding in coconuts differed from other annuals in
that once a pair of trees has been established for
crossing to give uniformity high yielding off springs
when crossed, that pair can be subjected to further
crossing for the production of seedlings, which,
after screening for undesirable seedling characters,
can be used for commercial distribution.
• Once a maternal transmitter is identified it can
continuously be used in paired crosses, self-
fertilisation and as male parent in extensive
crosses with high yielding mother palms.

• The process of identifying male transmitters can

be speeded up by the use of dwarf palms as
females since they are largely self pollinated and
reasonably homogeneous.
Self Pollination
• the coconut palm is
a cross fertilised
plant, it has almost
certainly
accumulated by
mutation unopposed
by selection, a large
number of
deleterious
recessives and
these would come to
light on selfing.
• The deleterious recessives would also occur
in paired crosses, since the parents might be
heterozygous for the same recessive gene.
• The dwarf variety of coconut generally bred
true to type because of the fact that it was
commonly self-fertilised.
• In the dwarf variety, self pollination is the
general rule due to the overlapping of the
female and male phases in the same
inflorescence.
• Self pollination occurs in certain seasons in
the tall variety also.
• In terms of performance of seedlings from selfed,
cross-pollinated and naturally polinated seednuts,
the selfed progenies are least vigorous, while
seedlings from natural and cross-pollinated nuts
are definitely superior in vigour.
• In terms of performance of seedlings from
selfed, cross-pollinated and naturally polinated
seednuts, the selfed progenies are least
vigorous, while seedlings from natural and
cross-pollinated nuts are definitely superior in
vigour.
Close And Line
Breeding
• The expression 'close breeding' was derived from the
fact that, as far as possible, the pollen produced by
individual palms in one population was meant to
fertilise the flowers of the palms belonging to the
same population, all of which were derived from nuts
harvested from the same individual mother tree.
• Close breeding would permit of the elimination of
inferior strains after each generation until finally only
the best strains as determined by performance of
yield or any other character under observation are
perpetuated.
• Such a process of elimination, really amounted to
'strain building' and did not preclude the building
up of other improved seed plots from the best
strains, at any time, without interfering with the
programme of improvement and without loss of
vigour in the resultant progeny.
• This method gives the quickest means of
improvement which can be increased with each
generation of further selection.
• Under this method, seed-coconuts derived
from open-pollinated flowers of selected
individual palms are collected and numbered.
• Under this method, seed-coconuts derived
from open-pollinated flowers of selected
individual palms are collected and numbered.
• The seednuts from each individual palm are
kept in separate plots in the nursery. The
seedlings are selected in the nursery before
planting them out.
• It should prove possible to remove the
inflorescence from the palms on the borders
of each individual plot and thus prevent
fruiting.
• Even by observational methods, many inferior
populations could be recognised.
• These could be cut out and eliminated so
that any outside crossing which does occur
would be with individuals of superior
populations.
• Plant seednuts from these together in
separate plots in new areas.
• The close-bred plants are sufficiently
heterozygous as not to lose vigour after
continued selection in the close breeding
plots.
Introduction Of Varieties And Strains
The Governments of
some of the
countries where
coconut is
extensively cultivated
had adopted the
policy of introducing
varieties of the
coconut from
outside, with the
object of raising
better plantations.
• The old New Guinea company had introduced
selected coconut varieties from outside sources
to their plantations in Madang.
• There is evidence to show that there was
frequent interchange of coconut planting
material between New Guinea and Solomon
Islands from very early times.
• Different varieties of Coconut from New
Guinea, Cochin-China, Java, Siam,
Philippines, Fiji, Ceylon, Laccadives, etc., were
planted at the Coconut Research Station,
Pilicode, by the Madras Agricultural
Department.
• The former Cochin Department of Agriculture had
introduced varieties from Malaya, Sea Island,
Philippines, Malaya, Borneo, Solomon Islands,
Seychelles, Panama, East Africa, West Indies,
Andamans, Laccadives and from different regions
in India have been planted at the Central Coconut
Research Station, Kasaragod to study their
comparitive performance under the conditions
prevailing in Kerala.
• The introduction of even outstanding varieties of
forms from distant countries for large scale
plantations has to be done with circumspection
because many coconut varieties are not
cosmopolitan and so they might not perform
equally well in another country with different
ecological conditions.
• It is also necessary that new introductions
should be restricted to varieties which are
distinct and superior because, many of the
varieties met with in different lands may turn out
to be only duplications of existing ones
• In spite of the limitation pointed out above,
the introduction of varieties still occupies an
important place in coconut improvement.
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Coconut (Cocos nucifera; Arecaceae) is widely distributed in
tropical regions of the world, ranging between 20° N and 20° S
latitude. The fruit can float and endure long journeys in seawater.
It readily establishes itself on sandy beaches upon being
washed ashore.
• Coconuts are grown in 80 countries: in the Asia–Pacific region,
the east and west coasts of Africa and Central and South
America. Coconut is the “tree of life” as it plays a vital role, in
addition to giving food, drink and shelter, in the economies of
many small island countries in the Caribbean, Indian, and Pacific
Oceans. Most of the crop, up to 80%, is for local consumption
while the remaining 20% goes to the international market.
•
TALL
Variety Code Origin
Macapuno MAC Philippines

Agta AGA Philippines

Laguna LAG Philippines

Tagnanan TAG Philippines

Igoh Dukuh IGD Indonesia

Bali BAT Indonesia

Laccadive LCT India

Andaman Giant AGT India

West African WAT Ivory coast

Rennel RIT Solomon Is.

Tahiti TAT Tahiti

Markham valley MVT Papua New Guinea

Gazelle Peninsula Tall GPT Papua New Guinea

Vanuatu VTT Vanuatu

Jamaica JAM Jamaica

Bodiri BDR Sri Lanka

Malayan MLT Malaysia

DWARF
Catigan CAT Philippines

Coconino CNO Philippines

Kinabalan KIN Philppines

Pilipog PIL Philppines

Tacunan TAC Philippines

Mangipod MGP Philippines

Tampakan TMP Philippines

Malayan Yellow Dwarf MYD Malaysia

Malayan Red MRD Malaysia

Chowgat COD India

Gangabondam GGB India

King coconut (Gon Thembili) GTB Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka green dwarf SGD Sri Lanka

Brazilian green dwarf BGD Brazil

Aromatic ARO Thailand

NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION OF
SOME SELECTED COCONUT VARITIES
 Varieties: There are only two distinct varieties of coconut,
the tall and the dwarf.
Tall Varieties
Characteristics:
▪ Long lived palm living generally to an age
of about 80 to 90 years
▪ Palms thrive well under different soil
conditions varying from littoral sands to
red loams and laterites.
▪ Palms grow well up to an altitude of
3,000 ft. above the sea level. It is fairly
resistant to diseases and pests.
▪ The tree attains a height of about 15m to
18m or more
▪ It begins to bear in about 8 to 10 years
after planting
▪ The nut is medium to big in size varying
in shape from spheroid to linear-oblong
and with colors varying from green,
yellow and orange to shades of brown.
▪ About 6,000 nuts yield a ton of copra.
Dwarf Varieties
Characteristics:
▪ The dwarf coconut is small in stature
(5-7 m) and commences bearing earlier
than the tall variety
▪ Dwarf coconut palms flower as early as
the third year after planting and come
to regular bearing in the ninth year.
▪ The average life span is 40-50 years.
▪ Dwarf or short variety which producing
green, orange and yellow nuts.
▪ Susceptible to drought.
▪ Nuts are small in size and ovoid or
round in shape
▪ Nut weighs about 3 oz (85 gm) with 65
per cent oil content.
KEY PRODUCTION OF COCONUT IN
THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is the second largest producer of
coconut products in the world, next to Indonesia.
The Davao Region in the Philippines is the top
coconut-producer which contributed 14.4% to the
country’s total coconut production for the year 2018. As
such, the coconut industry is also one of the major
sources of employment generation in the Philippines.
ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION
OF COCONUT
Coconut Tree
The coconut tree belongs to the family
of palm trees, and has over 2600
currently known plant species in it.
Most palm trees (including coconut)
grow in tropical, subtropical, and warm
temperate climates, but are so
diverse; they even grow in deserts
and rainforests.
Coconut Tree
The tree has become
increasingly adaptable and
can grow in many climates
except when the
temperature is extremely
cold, during floods, or
droughts.
Ideal Environments
Coconut Tree
The tree’s very tall structure is an
adaptation that allows the tree to
reach over the other trees (canopies)
to receive sunlight. Although it
survives in shady environments, it
eventually grows higher than its
surrounding trees in a competition
for more sunlight.
Coconut Tree
The trunk of the coconut tree, which
supports its entire weight, operates in
almost the same way as the human spine.
It is flexible and strong, allowing the
coconut tree to lean over (the slightly
curved look of the tree), but that and the
strong network of roots prevent the tree
from falling over.
Coconut Tree
The coconut seed has many
features that allow it to grow
anywhere it falls. Inside the
coconut seed is a coconut milk, a
whitish liquid similar to water that
provides moisture (even in dry
conditions) until the seedling
sprouts.
Coconut Tree
The coconut seed has a very strong air
filled stringy (full of fibers) shell, that
protects the seed inside. This protective
covering ensures that even during dry
weather, or in seawater, that the seed is
healthy enough to germinate.
Coconut Tree
The coconut tree can survive
almost any time of soil, as long
as it is not dense or compact. The
tree will grow well as long as the
soil or sand drains easily, and is
lightly acidic.
Coconut Tree
The root system of the coconut tree
grows laterally, in the top 5 feet of soil.
After that, the roots burrow themselves
deep into the earth. The root system can
thrive in shallow layers of soil going
down only about 10 to 18 inches below
the surface, or even in deep soil.
Coconut Tree
The coconut tree’s general appearance is
its main adaptation to the climatic changes
of heat and heavy winds. Its large
branchless fronds and thin leaves are ideal
for the extreme wind conditions. Its trunk
and its strong roots, allow the tree to sway
without falling.
Coconut Tree
The leaves of the coconut tree also
have another classic feature common
to most tropical rainforest plants. The
‘drip-tips’ at the ends of the long thin
leaves, and their slightly waxy nature,
allows rainwater to drain off the leaf
quickly.
Coconut Tree
The bark of the tree is very thin and
smooth. This adaptation is to the wet
and hot weather conditions of the
tropical rainforests. The bark does not
need to protect itself against the loss of
moisture because there is plenty of it
already.
Coconut Tree
It is known as one of the most
wind tolerant trees in the world
and is therefore great for the
tropical climate, which have a
yearly cycle of wet and dry
seasons but is also great living on
sandy shores.
SOIL AND CLIMATIC
REQUIREMNETS
Climate

▪ Tropical palm : Coconut is a tropical palm

preferring humid tropical climate.
However, coconut is highly adaptable and
performs well under a wide range of
environmental conditions of climate,
altitude and soil.
Best yields from Coconut plantations are realize under the
following conditions;

Temperature: = 27 to 32 o C , Mean annual

temperature of 27 o C with a diurnal (hagalina or
pratidinada) variations of 6 to 7 oC is ideal.
( Hence, in North India we can't grow coconut
profitably)
▪ Rainfall: 1,800 to 2,500 mm per year, well
distributed .

▪ A sunloving palm : Insolation/sunlight: Coconut

being a sun loving palm requires plenty of
sunlight and does not come up well under
shade.
▪ Requirement of sun light hours : It requires 7.1hrs. of
sunshine per day; 2000 hrs or more per year. Palms under
shade will be lean, lanky and unproductive.

▪ Humidity: Coconut likes tropical humid climate and 80 to 90

percent relative humidity is ideal. Relative humidity below
60 percent affects the growth. At a Relative humidity of less
than 50 percent opening of stomata will be affected.
PROPAGATION AND CARE OF
SEEDLINGS
Care of young Palms

The transplanted seedlings should be shaded and

irrigated adequately during the summer months.
Also provide staking so that winds may not
uproot the young seedlings. For the first two
years after planting, irrigate the seedling twice a
week during the dry summer months. Shading is
a must to the transplanted seedlings.
Manuring

Regular manuring from the first year of

planting is essential to achieve higher
productivity. For coconut 20 - 50 kg organic
manure should be applied per palm per year
with the onset of south west monsoon,
when soil moisture content is high.
Irrigation
Soil moisture very often limits coconut production in
those areas where long spell of dry weather prevail or
where the rainfall is scanty and ill-distributed. So
irrigate the palms during summer months in basins
around the palm. The irrigation requirement varies
according to the soil type and climatic condition.
Generally, an adult palm requires 600 to 800 litres of
water once in four to seven days. Irrigate in basins of
1.8m radius and 10-20 cm depth
NURSERY AND RELATED
PRACTICES
Nursery and related practices

The nursery is where coconut seedlings are

first nurtured. This encourages better care of
the coconut palm at its key stage and makes
selecting good planting material easier.
Nursery area

• nursery location on a well-drained plot with coarse

texture soil that is close to a water source for irrigation.
Nursery can be grown in an open area with artificial
shade or in a mature coconut garden
TYPES OF NURSERIES
• There are two types of
nurseries:

▪ - one-stage nursery
▪ - two-stage nursery.
ONE-STAGE NURSERY
• Seednuts put in germination beds are left to grow up to a field transplanting stage on the
same spot in this type of nursery. There is no need to transfer germinated seednuts to a
nursery bed. Nuts are planted 45 cm apart, To allow for the selection of the best

seedlings, more nuts should be sown than are required.

TWO STAGE NURSERY
• Seedlings are raised in two phases in this type of nursery. Seednuts are
sown in seedbeds in the first stage. The sprouted seednuts are
transplanted to a field nursery or placed in poly-bags in the second
stage.
FIRST STAGE: SEED BED
• On a germination bed, seednuts are sown side by side. A 2 m broad by 10 m long bed
can hold roughly 500 nuts. Each week, sprouting nuts are carefully plucked and
transplanted to a field nursery or into poly-bags to avoid root injury. The ones that aren't
up to par are discarded.The seedbed is closed and the leftover nuts removed after 70%
germination or 4 months, whichever comes first. Late germinators are of poor quality.

• NOTE:
• Starting with the tallest sprouts and working your way down to the tiniest, seedlings
should be placed in order.
SECOND STAGE: TRANSPLANTING IN NURSERY BEDS

• If a farmer does not have any poly-bags, his seedlings can be

transplanted into a transplanting bed. Seedlings should be spaced 50 cm
apart in a triangle pattern.
SECOND STAGE: POLY-BAG NURSERY
• In commercial nurseries, black poly-bags are common. They have perforations in them
to allow water to drain. They should have a width of 40 cm and a depth of 40 cm. Two
parts manure, one part top soil, and one part sand should be mixed together and
placed in the bags. Bags should be set in a triangular spacing of 60 x 60 cm after 3/4 of
the mixed soil has been filled into them.
• In each bag, one seedling is sown. The sprouts should be of uniform size if done on a
weekly basis. To provide support for the seedling, the top fourth of the soil is carefully
squeezed. To enable for watering, a 1 cm area should be left free of soil up to the upper
edge of the bag.
NURSERY HUSBANDRY PRACTICES
• A farmer should keep the following in mind in both types of nurseries in order to get
healthy seedlings:- Irrigation at least every other day, unless it's raining- Weeding as
needed to keep pests and illnesses at bay.- fertilizer application (as directed)
SOWING OF SEEDNUTS IN A ONE
STAGE NURSERY
• Sow with a space of 1.5 feet (45 cm)
between each nut's center and the
following nut's center. The row to row
distance is also 1.5 feet (45 cm).
SELECTION OF SEEDLING AFTER
GERMINATION
• After germination discard all
seedlings which are unhealthy,
albinos, stunted and twins.
TWO STAGE
NURSERY
FINAL SEEDLING SELECTION
• Only well-developed seedlings are
transplanted into the field. Albinos
and late-maturing plants should not
be planted. Remove them from
existence.
PRODUCTION AND
MANAGEMNET
Production and management
• Integrative nutrient management
• green manuring/cover cropping
• soil and water conservation measures
• weed management
• Irrigation
• Fertigation
• cropping/farming system approach

are some of the good management practices that have been validated to improve the
productivity of adult coconut palms.
Fertigation

 Fertigation aids in increasing fertilizer efficiency, lowering fertilizer prices, reducing labor
requirements, and ensuring nutrient supply in accordance with crop needs. Sustainable
cropping system models have been developed to maximize the use of natural
resources while also improving economic viability.
Plantation Management
 Cultivation

 to get rid of weeds and promote soil aeration and moisture absorption
Irrigation and drainage
 Coconut trees are severely harmed by water logging and drought.
Cover crops and control of weeds
 Coconuts benefit from cover crops because they reduce erosion during the rainy
season and excessive water loss during the warm months.  Coconut, on the other
hand, must not compete with it for sunlight, water, or nutrients. Cogon and lantana are
two severe weed issues for coconut. These two weeds have the potential to severely

devastate the little coconut tree.

Intercrops
 these are extra sources of income for the farmer. Considerations in selection of crops
are market for the intercrop, competition it may offer to coconut as regards to water and
nutrient requirement, tolerance or need for shade and dangers it may offer as alternate
host for pest and diseases.
Animals under the coconut
 same as intercrops these are extra income for the farmer. However, caution must be
considered in over crowding in one area. Soil tends to be compacted in overgrazed
areas especially for cattle.
Inter cropping
 Inter/mixed crops can be chosen based on the inter/mixed crop's climatic requirements,
irrigation capabilities, and soil type. The coconut canopy's size, age, and spacing must
also be considered. Before choosing an intercrop, it's important to think about market
fit.
MIXED FARMING
 Intercropping with
Turmeric
FIELD PLANTING
Spacing
▪ Adopt a spacing of 25' x 25' (7.5 x 7.5 m) with 175 plants/ha. For
planting in field border as a single row, adopt 20' spacing between
plants.
Planting

▪ Dug pit size of 3’ x 3' x 3'. In the pits, Fill the pit to a height of two
feet (60 cm) with FYM, red earth and sand mixed in equal
proportions. At the center of the pit, remove the soil mixture and
plant the seedling after removing all the roots. Press the soil well
around the seedling and provide the seedling with shade by using
plaited coconut leaves. Keep the pits free from weeds. Remove soil
covering the collar region. As the seedlings grow and form stem, fill
up the pits gradually by cutting the sides.
Seedling Ready for
Planting
Planted Seedling
Basic Formation
for Seedling
Shade to Transplanted
Seedling
Gap Filling
CONTROL OF PEST AND
DISEASES
 Control of Pest and Diseases

1. Coconut Leaf Beetle (Brostispa longgisima)

Coconut Leaf Beetle

Adult beetles and larvae inhabit and feed on the

unopened leaves, making long cuts parallel to
the veins.

The beetles suck the green pigment of the young leaves, leaving it dry and
brown. Infested palms affect coconut yield.
Solution:

 Cut infested fronds and bury to avoid spread

 Apply biological control using black earwigs

(Chelisoches morio) and pupal parasitoid (Tetratichus
sp.)

 For extremely heavy infestation, spray with wide

spectrum contact insecticides using a knapsack sprayer
2. Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros)

Beetle

 Adult beetles bore into the bud and feed on unopened

leaves. Emerging fronds appear symmetrically cut and
scissor trimmed with either single, double or triple cuts.
Solution:
 Farm sanitation, proper disposal of debris which become breeding sites.
 Inspect palms and hook the beetles out.
 To control beetle infestation, apply green muscardine fungus (GMF) on
breeding sites and in log trap with decaying coconut peat mixed with
GMF.
 Use pheromone trap or netting traps.
 3. Asiatic Palm Weevil
(Rhynchophorus vulneratus)

Adult and larvae feeds and tunnels on the tissue of the coconut trunk
towards the tip. Their entry points are the holes that the rhinoceros beetle
initially creates. One can observe chewed fibers and reddish brown sap
on the trunk and symptoms such as drooping leaves and palm death.
Solution:
Avoid wounding or cutting coconut trunks as
these may become egg laying sites or the
palm weevil.
Apply coal tar in wounds.
Cut and burn heavily infested palms.
Maintain farm sanitation to avoid breeding
holes of the weevil and the rhinoceros beetles.
 4. Slug Caterpillars

Slug caterpillars defoliate the palm, leaving only midribs.

Solution:
 Install light traps and use ultraviolet lights in infested areas to attract adult
moths.
 Use drawn roller to destroy or crush the pupae.
 Spray chemicals only as a last resort.
5. Seedling & Nut Damage by Rodents
Damaged by Rodents

 Wilting of seedlings and nut falls due to

holes after rat bites the perianth lobes
of the fruit at the tender base of the
seedlings.

 Adult rats which feed on the tender

basal portion of the seedlings and the
inflorescence and immature coconuts
causing immature falling of nuts.
Solution:

Use of galvanized iron (GI) or plastic

trunk bands at least ten inches (25.4 cm)
in width placed on tree trunk where rats
will possibly climb.
Practice farm sanitation.
Use rodenticides through baiting.
 fungicide.
Diseases Category :
Fungal Bud rot and nutfall

Symptoms:

Chlorosis of youngest open leaves; leaves

rapidly turning necrotic; necrotic spots on leaf
bases; unopened spear leaves can be pulled
away from the plant easily; removal of
unopened spear leaves reveals soft, pink-red
tissue with foul smell; leaf necrosis spreading
through central crown leaves; woody parts of
plant may have water-soaked, pink lesions with
dark borders; infected inflorescences abort
nuts.
Management

Control of the disease is reliant on good

sanitation practices and the use of
appropriate systemic fungicides; remove
all infected debris and dead trees from
plantation and destroy; irrigate trees
early in the day to allow surfaces to dry
off during the day.
Ganoderma butt rot Ganoderma spp.

Symptoms:
 Older fronds turning yellow and gradually wilting and
drooping; fronds collapsing and dying; internal tissue of lower
stem discolored; overall reduction in vigor
Management:
 Spacing trees widely limits the chance of infection through root
grafts; avoid damaging tree trunks with tools and machinery; remove
any dead or severely damaged trees from plantation immediately,
including any that have been killed by natural processes; if a site is
known to be infected with the disease, the ground should be
fallowed for at least 1 year prior to a new plantation being
established.
Gray leaf blight

Symptoms:
Small, yellow-brown spots on leaflets which develop
gray centers and dark green borders; lesions
coalesce to form large necrotic patches; tips of
leaflets turning gray; canopy has blighted
appearance

Management:
Disease usually only merits control in coconut
nurseries as infection of mature coconut palms are
rare; appropriate broad spectrum protective
fungicides should be applied.
Stem bleeding disease
Symptoms:
Soft, yellow rot on trunk; affected areas are dark
and turn black as they mature; a reddish-brown
liquid may ooze from rotting regions and spill down
trunk.

Management;
Avoid wounding palms with machinery and tools to reduce
disease incidence; disease can be controlled with applications of
the fungicide benomyl where registered; infected trees should be
removed and destroyed as soon as possible
HARVESTING AND PREPARATION OF
COCONUT PRODUCTS FOR MARKET
Harvesting of Coconut
Coconuts take around one year to
ripen fully. Several coconuts grow
together in a bunch and they ripen
about the same time. If you want to
harvest the fruit for the coconut
water, the fruit is ready six to seven
months after emergence..
 Harvesting Methods
• Powertilleroperatedladder
• Climbingcycle/equipment
Climbing
Harvesting of coconuts is commonly done by climbing the
tree with the help of a rope ring round the feet or ankles of the
climberorbyusingaladder.
Onreachingthetop,theclimbertapsthenutinthelowermost
bunch with its harvesting knife to test its maturity. If he is
satisfied, he cuts the bunch at the base of the stalk when it
dropsdowntotheground.
• If the ground is very hard or if tender nuts are to be
harvested, the bunches are lowered by using a
rope. The climber also cleans the crown and
removesthedry leaves,sheathsandspathes.

• The cutting down of green leaves is considered

undesirable as it affects the yield of trees to some

extent.
 In some places harvesting is done by cutting the bunches with a knife,
attached to a long bamboo pole.
Nutswhicharetobestoredformakingballcopraarenotharvestedtilltheyarecompletely
ripeanddry.
Power Tiller
Operated
Ladder
Yields
Average yield: 80 – 100 nuts/palm/year

depending on the variety.

Dwarf varieties-70 – 80 nuts/palm/year

Tall varieties -80 – 100 nuts/palm/year

Hybrids -100 – 130 nuts/palm/year.

Coconuts are harvested for different consumptions. For the
sweetest and tastiest coconut water, seed nuts usually take
seven to nine months to grow from the flower opening
before it matures.
For copra, coconut milk and other derived food products, seed nuts take 10- 13 months to
mature from the flower opening, so that the kernel is thick enough for commercial use.
Postharvest
Dehusking
Manual dehusking with the help of an iron

rod driven to the ground is strenuous and

skill oriented. Presently mechanical devices

are used for dehusking.

Copra Processing
The optimum moisture content in copra is 5-6

percent. Sun drying, smoke drying, kiln drying and

indirect hot air drying are commonly used drying

methods
 Sun Drying
Traditional system of copra drying is by spreading the cups (Split open coconut) on any open
surface for sun drying. It takes about 8 days for sun drying. The deposition of dirt and dust on
wet meat during sun drying results in deterioration of copra quality. Further, cloudy weather and
low atmospheric temperature also reduce the quality of copra.
Solar Dryer
TSolar Dryer: Use of a closed type solar dryer avoids the quality deterioration of copra due to
deposition of dirt. Drying time is reduced to 3-4 days. A batch type of solar cabinet dryer with a
capacity of 100 nuts developed at CPCRI takes only 3 days for drying.
Small Electric Copra Dryer
An indirect copra dryer of 400 nuts per batch capacity (using agricultural waste as fuel)

developed at CPCRI is gaining popularity among coconut growers.

 Large Copra Dryer
Large Holders Copra Dryer: Large size copra dryer, the capacity of 3500-4000 nuts is
developed at CPCRI. The unit is suitable for large holding and copra processing societies.
Ball Copra
Ball copra is of superfine quality and
commands a premium price in the market. It
is prepared by storing fully mature nuts for
10-12 months, when kernal will get
detached from the shell. CPCRI has
developed dryer to prepare ball copra in
shorter time by giving different heat
treatments.
 Copra Grading
The copra is graded in the order of its market value. The grading is

mainly based on moisture content, foreign matter and black copra. The

maximum limits for them are 10 per cent, 2 per cent and 5 per cent

respectively. However, the good quality copra should have the

following requirements:
Copra Grading
Copra Grading
Copra Grading
 Safe Storage of Copra
Copra obtained from commonly cultivated varieties / cultivars is attacked by

various insect pests in store. Among these ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes and

saw toothed grain beetle, Oryzaphilus surinamensis are of major importance,

which can cause more than 15% loss to copra when stored for more than six

months.
 Safe Storage of Copra
Following precautions are to be taken for the safe storage of copra
for more than three months:
• Dry the produce to four per cent moisture content.
• Avoid heap storage, which causes maximum damage.
• Store copra in netted polythene bags or gunny bags
PROCESSING COMPOSITION
AND FOOD VALUE
I. Coconut Pretreatment
1. Demand for raw coconut
• Coconut should be mature, fresh and not rotten. Green coconut is not
easy for juicing due to thin coconut meat, so it is not suitable for
processing into copra, milk and etc.

2. Pretreatment of coconut
• Selection - take out of hypogenetic coconut and those with exposed
sprouts.
• Removing coir - remove coir by professional machine or manpower. And
the removed coir are transported to the factory for further processing
• Coconut shelling - after removing coir, clean up these coconuts. Then
break shells by coconut shelling machine and meanwhile coconut water
flow into the collecting tank for deep processing.
• Removing coconut shells - use professional tools or machine to
separates meat from the shell. And collect coconut meat for future use
and shells are transported to the factory for further manufacturing.
• Coconut flesh pre-processing - wedge specialized tools
between the brown skin that covers the white coconut flesh and
the hard shell. Pry the coconut meat from the shell. The brown
skin accounts for 13% of the flesh, which can be used for
extracting coconut oil. At last wash coconut flesh in clean water
several times.
II. Different Coconut Product
Processing
Desiccated coconut processing

• refers to shredded or flaked and dried fresh meat or kernel of a

mature coconut.
• Marketed in bulk as well as in small parts, for example, the fine
grade is smaller particle size than the medium grade. Generally,
one thousand nuts are expected to yield about 130kg of desiccated
coconut. Deflated desiccated coconut is in great demand for
various food preparations.
 Processing of Desiccated Coconut

1. Get the clean white coconut flesh

2. Blanch white coconut meat to reduce bacteria counts to low levels to
ensure its safe level for consumption
3. Cut white meat into desired sizes by coconut meat shredding machine
4. Transported ground meat particles into coconut drying machine to dry
them by hot air. The water content will be reduced from 9% to less than 3%.
5. Cool down desiccated coconut particles
6. After drying, the desiccated coconut is put through a multiple sieving
operation to the four main grades: extra fine, macaroon (fine ), medium and
coarse.
7. Pack desiccated coconut to keep away from the atmosphere's moisture.
And should be stored in a cool and dry place to avoid direct sunlight and
strong odor.
Coconut milk and cream

• Coconut milk is the liquid obtained by the manual or mechanical extraction

of comminuted coconut meat, with or without water. Please notice that
coconut milk is different from coconut water (the juice directly found inside a
coconut). Coconut water is water clear in color, and a cool drink.

• Coconut cream is creamy white in color and has a mild sweet taste of
coconut. It is the concentrated milk extracted from fresh meat of matured
coconut and one large nut is expected to squeeze approximately 200ml of
coconut cream. The cream also can be made from coconut flakes if without
the fresh coconut
 Process flow for coconut milk and cream production

1. Coconut shelling machine for removing the shell, has been

mentioned in part 1: coconut pretreatment
2. Shredding machine for making coconut meat particle has
been mentioned in coconut flakes production
3. Coconut milk extractor for extraction of coconut milk from
the comminuted coconut meat
Coconut milk powder

• Coconut milk powder was prepared by dehydrating

the milk under controlled conditions. It has the
advantages of long shelf life, fewer storage places
required and lower cost of bulk packing.
Processing steps:

• We obtain coconut milk by several steps from the above

coconut milk processing in part 2.
• Then the coconut milk is filtered through a vibrating sieving
machine.
• Next to coconut milk is homogenized and mixed with
maltodextrins and other emulsifiers in an additive mixing
tank.
• The next crucial step is dehydration for mixed milk spray
dried into a fine milk powder at a high temperature around
180⁰ C by a spray dryer.
• At last, the powder is packed.
Coconut oil extraction production

• There are two types of coconut oil different in processing

materials: Refined coconut oil and Virgin coconut oil (VCO).
The former is made from dried coconut meat known as copra
and VCO is derived from the fresh meat or kernel of a mature
fruit of coconut.
Refined coconut oil
The raw material - copra can be made from coconut meat dehydrated by sun
drying and smoke drying for about 6 to 8 days. Then copra is cut into small sizes
and cooked copra by the oil expeller to get oil, at last oil is filtered by a filter press
to get refined oil.

VCO
Get clean coconut flesh from coconut pretreatment in part 1.

• Dry process VCO - cut coconut meat into slices, then dry these meat slices
by minimal heat, at last oil is pressed out from an oil expeller.

• Wet process VCO - oil is extracted from fresh coconut meat without drying
first. Coconut milk first is extracted from fresh coconut meat by extract
coconut oil machine. The oil is then further separarted from the water by way
of boiling, fermentation, refrigeration, enzymes or mechanical centrifuge.
Toasted coconut chips production

• Coconut chips like other chips are eaten as a

snack food. It is crispy coconut meat which may
be sweetened or salted.
1. Get clean and pared coconut flesh from coconut Pretreatment in
Part I.
2. Blanching - put pared coconuts into boiling water for 15 minutes in
a blanching machine.
3. Draining - remove the excess water in blanched coconuts by the
vibratory screener.
4. Slicing - slice coconut meat into thin sizes by the slicing machine.
5. Osmotic dehydration - the coconut chips are then immersed in
sugar solution. The essence of flavors can be added at this time. A
little salt is also added to the sugar solution. Agitation of the sugar
solution is required in the mixing vessel during osmotic dehydration.
6. Drying - coconut chips will be dried in the hot air oven. For
toasted coconut flakes, you can continue to heat the coconut
in the oven and they will start to slowly become toasted. The
product will be golden brown in color after toasting.
7. Cooling - cool dried coconut chips to room temperature.
8. Packing - pack the final chips. In order to avoid breakage
of chips during transportation, nitrogen flushing is usually
done in pouches.
Other byproducts made from coconuts
• Coconut is a valuable fruit, and every part can be processed into arts
and crafts and food. So besides the above products, coconut can be
processed into other products. Here we simply list them coconut shells
can be processed into beautiful artworks, and also for activated carbon
production. Coconut shell is highly combustible so it can be treated a a
fuel to replace coal oil. Coir from the shell can be used in brushes, mats,
filtration pads and rope. Coconut water can be processed into coconut
wine, coconut vinegar and etc.
 NUTRIENT VALUE OF
COCONUT
Raw Coconut Meat Dried Coconut meat

Calories 354 650

Protein 3 grams 7.5 grams

Carbs 15 grams 25 grams

Fiber 9 grams 18 grams

Fat 33 grams 65 grams

Manganese 75 % of the daily value (DV) 137% of the DV

Copper 22 % of the DV 40% of the DV

Selenium 14% of the DV 26% of the DV

Magnesium 8% of the DV 23% of the DV

Phosphorus 11% of the DV 21% of the DV

Iron 13% of the DV 18% of the DV

Potassium 10 % of the DV 16% of the DV

Coconut water
• Coconut water contains 94% water and very little fat. It should not be
confused with coconut milk, which is made by adding water to grated
coconut meat. Coconut milk contains about 50% water and is quite high
in fat (1Trusted Source).
•
• One cup (240 ml) contains 60 calories, as well as (2Trusted Source):
• Carbs: 15 grams
• Sugar: 8 grams
• Calcium: 4% of the daily value (DV)
• Magnesium: 4% of the DV
• Phosphorus: 2% of the DV
• Potassium: 15% of the DV
References

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/coconut-water-
benefits#1.-Good-source-of-several-nutrients
https://www.google.com/amp/s/businessdiary.com.ph/3062/
coconut-production-guide/
REFERENCES
▪ https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/coconut
▪ https://www.vancouverpcg.org/resources-listofrestaurants/yama
ng-pinoy/yamang-pinoy-2/philippine-coconut-industry/
▪ https://www.statista.com/statistics/751403/philippines-coconut-p
roduction/
▪ Ayihaou DAA-KPODE Ulysse, DJEDATIN Gustave, SACLA
AIDE Edmond, Valère SALAKO Kolawolé, BABA-MOUSSA
Farid, ADEOTI Kifouli. (2021) Ethnobotanical study of the
coconut palm in the Coastal Zone of Benin. International
Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 13:3, pages 152-164.
▪ https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1382#:~:text=Current%20status%20
of%20the%20coconut,to%20banana%2C%20corn%20and%20r
Reference :
▪ http://funappschool.com/PlantAdaptations/CoconutTree#:~:text=The
%20coconut%20tree's%20general%20appearance,tree%20to
%20sway%20without%20falling.
▪ https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_pcrops_coconut_nursery
.html
▪ http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0unescoen--
00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---
00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-1-&cl=CL1.4&d=HASH01ec8a9173055729c
c84f6f3.7&x=1
Thank you
for
Listening