Preparation of Municipal Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan

Phase 1: Sector Assessment

Tool 5
Gender Analysis Tools for Safe
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
April 2021

Girly A. Meude
Session Objectives
At the end of the session the participants should:

Discuss the importance of Gender Integration in safe water,

1
sanitation and hygiene

Articulate the different concepts of gender and corelate them to

2
safe water, sanitation and hygiene.

Establish the link between gender concepts and the assessment

3
tool.

Become familiar with the assessment tool and develop mastery on

4
how to administer the tools using the recommended data gathering
technique.
Development is Gender Neutral

A true “Gender Equality” is when

both women and men share equal

rights and equity to development

needs.
Gender Equality: International Commitment

• 1979 United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
• 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development
Programme of Action (strong focus on women's rights)
• 1995 Beijing Platform for Action of 4th UN World Conference on Women
• 1999 Optional Protocol to CEDAW
• 2000 Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security
Gender Equality is critical to achieving all 17 SDG

GENDER EQUALITY AND

EMPOWERMENT OF ALL
WOMEN AND GIRLS.
SDG 5: Gender Equality
SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

TARGET 6.2: By 2030, achieve

access to adequate and equitable
sanitation and hygiene for all and end
open defecation, paying special
attention to the needs of women and
girls and those in vulnerable
situations 

TARGET 6.3: Support and strengthen

the participation of local communities
in improving water and sanitation
management
 Vision:

“A world where access to safe and affordable

drinking water is a basic and universal human
right…where there is adequate and accessible
sanitation”

✔ Access to safe, affordable, accessible, available and acceptable water and

sanitation is a human right already recognized by the General Assembly and the
Human Rights Council, but is not a reality for millions of people.

✔ The call is for world leaders to aim for a world where the human right
to water and sanitation is realized for all, and where hygiene is
available to all.
Gender Equality Initiatives in the Philippines

• Women in Development and Nation Building

Act of 1992

• R.A. 9710 Magna Carta of Women

• Gender Mainstreaming
However in WASH projects and programs…

• water & sanitation programs in Philippines traditionally viewed as

infrastructure projects, attributed as “domain of men”

• consultations, community mobilization, advocacy, activity implementation

involve women (as much as 80%-90%) but still in relation to their
“reproductive roles and tasks”

• women are primary collectors, transporters, users and managers of

domestic water, and promoters of home and community-based sanitation
activities, yet in many societies, women’s views not systematically
represented in decision-making bodies related to WASH
What is Gender Analysis?

Gender Analysis is a process of analyzing information to ensure the

resources for and benefits from development intervention are
effectively and equitably targeted to both women and men, and avoid
any negative impact on women or on gender relations.
Gender and Development

GAD is a development perspective that recognizes the unequal

status and situations of women and men in society.
Gender and Development

Development Process Seen from a Gender Perspective

Development means both the improved material well-being

(welfare) of people and the process by which this improved
well-being is achieved.
Gender and Development

Development Process Seen from a Gender Perspective

The concept of development also includes an element of equality- that

material benefits from the development process should be fairly
distributed, especially to benefit those most in need, the disadvantaged
and the most vulnerable.
Gender and Development

Development Process Seen from a Gender Perspective

Equality of Opportunity means that everybody has an

equal chance, especially for equal access, there is no
structural discrimination standing in the way of any individual
or social group.
Based on the Harmonized GAD Guidelines (HGG) a
common (government and Official Development
Assistance) document for monitoring gender equality
markers in implementing programs and projects in the
Philippines, the joint program have identified the
following gender issues to be addressed:
1. Participation of women and men.

a. Women are rarely considered for employment in water, sanitation

and hygiene construction projects, beyond areas in which women
have traditionally been involved in (e.g. administrative and
financial). Most projects do not view women as potential workers.
Where women workers need to move close to the worksite, they
require secure and safe areas in construction camps.

b. Gender gaps are often found in women’s and men’s participation

in water consumers/concessionaires groups that are organized to
operate and maintain domestic water systems, irrigation systems
and sanitation facilities as well as in decision-making bodies for
water, sanitation and hygiene.
2. Access to and control of resources for Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene (WaSH).

a. Women and men have divergent requirements based

on the seasonality and location of their activities.
Water, sanitation and hygiene projects are designed
without considering these variations and often have a
great impact on women’s workload.
b. Women and girls are rarely consulted on the design
and implementation of water, sanitation and hygiene
projects.
Addressing gender issues will contribute in:

1. Improved water services reduce time, health, and care-

giving burdens to women

2. Increasing privacy and reduce risk to women

3. Reducing women’s household responsibilities

 Preparation of Municipal Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan
Phase 1: Sector Assessment

TOOL 5: GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SAFE

WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE

Tool 5A: GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification

Tool 5B: Time Use Tool
Tool 5C: FGD Guide on Sanitation and Hygiene
Tool 5: Gender Analysis Tools for Safe Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene

This tool envisions providing an entry point for

mainstreaming gender equality and women
empowerment in designing, implementing and
maintenance of safe water, sanitation and hygiene.
Tool 5: Gender Analysis Tools for Safe Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene

Tool 5 consists of 3 tools:

 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification,
Planning and Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and
Hygiene
 Tool 5B - Time Use Tool

 Tool 5C - Focus Group Discussion Guide on Sanitation

and Hygiene
Tool 5: Gender Analysis Tools for Safe Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene

When applied collectively, these tools will show:

 The capacity of LGUs and WASH service providers and the

quality of GAD mainstreaming in project identification,
planning and implementation of safe water sanitation and
hygiene.

 Prevailing gender issues and gaps in access to water,

sanitation and hygiene.
Respondents of the Tool

• Gender Focal Person of the Municipal Government

• GAD Focal Point
• Women’s Groups
• GAD Experts
• Men’s Groups – e.g. Men Oppose to Violence
Everywhere (MOVE)
FGD Participants

1. Members of the GAD Focal Point System of the Local

Government Unit (LGU)

2. Representatives of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)

and Women’s Groups

3. GAD advocates and experts in the locality

Focus Groups Discussion

Focus Groups Discussion or Workshop should be organized

to administer this assessment instrument. If preparations are
done well, a half day workshop, 4-5 hours, will be enough to
produce the intended outputs.
Preparations

Before the FGD, the facilitator will:

• The FGD facilitator must be very familiar with this tool and is
comfortable in facilitating participatory activities.
• Prepare a conducive venue for the FGD.
• Reproduce Tool 5A as a handout and guide for the FGD participants.
• Prepare Tool 5B in a large manila paper or flip chart.
• Reproduce Tool 5C as a handout and guide for the FGD participants.
• Prepare a presentation that will show the purpose, objective and
expected outputs of the FGD, if available, make an LCD available for
the presentation.
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene

Purpose of the Tool

It further addresses management results of integrating gender equality and
women's empowerment concerns into key stages of the project cycle: project
identification and design, assessment of projects for funding; project
implementation; and monitoring and evaluation.

Outputs of the Tool

This tool will produce findings and conclusions on the quality of gender
mainstreaming in implementing safe water, sanitation and hygiene projects.
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The topics and focus questions for the FGD are provided in Columns 1 and 2. The
third column is provided for the facilitator to record and document the responses of
the FGD participants.
FGD RESPONSES,
FINDINGS and
CONCLUSIONS (Note
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS the differing
responses of women
and men)
Project Identification and Planning of 1.0 Participation of
Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Women and Men in
Project Identification
• Choose a project on water, sanitation and
hygiene that was implemented or being
implemented by the LGU
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS
Project 1.1 Did the project consulted women on the
problem or issue that the intervention must
Identification and solve and on the development of the solution?
Planning of Safe If yes, how was this done and what were the
Water, Sanitation issues?
and Hygiene
1.2 Were women’s inputs considered in the
Projects design of the project? If yes, what particular
inputs were considered?
1.3 Are women and men recognized as
partners, stakeholders or agents of change in
the project design? If yes, in what way?
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS and
CONCLUSIONS (Note the differing
responses of women and men)
1.1 NO. Women are rarely, if ever, consulted in the
problem or issue about a proposed projects.
1.2 Partly yes. Inputs or suggestions may have
been sought from women beneficiaries but not all
are considered in designing the projects
1.3 Yes, women and men are recognized as
stakeholders, partners of agencies, or agents of
change in the project design through meetings and
assemblies especially with men and women who
are intended project beneficiaries.
Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD RESPONSES,
FINDINGS and
CONCLUSIONS
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS (Note the differing
responses of
women and men)

Project 2.0 Collection of sex-disaggregated data and Partly yes. Some

Identification and gender-related information prior to project design information has been
Planning of Safe classified by sex
Did the project tap sex- disaggregated data and
Water, Sanitation especially in the
gender-related information from secondary and
and Hygiene DepEd and MHO but
Projects primary sources at the project identification stage? Or not fully considered in
the project document includes sex-disaggregated and identifying key gender
gender information in the analysis of the development issues that a planned
issue or problem?
project must address.
If yes, what kind of sex-disaggregated data were
tapped?
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS and
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS CONCLUSIONS (Note the differing
responses of women and men)

Project 3.0 Conduct of gender analysis and

Identification and identification of gender issues
Planning of Safe
Water, Sanitation Did the project conduct gender analysis No. There are projects which
and Hygiene to identify gender issues prior to project gender analysis may have been
Projects design? If yes, who conducted the superficial or partial but it focuses
gender analysis and what where the only on the mobilization of women
gender issues identified? and/ or their perspectives
Or the discussion of development issues
in the project document includes gender
gaps that the project must address?
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene

FGD RESPONSES,
FINDINGS and
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS CONCLUSIONS (Note the
differing responses of
women and men)
Project 4.0 Gender equality goals, outcomes and outputs 4.1 Common design for both
Identification 4.1 Does the project objectives explicitly refer to women and men and women. Women are
and Planning of men? If yes, what are the objectives for women and for men? identified in the project
Safe Water, objectives but focus is on the
4.2 Does the project have gender equality outputs or
Sanitation and traditional roles of women
outcomes?
Hygiene Projects Examples are: (home maker, etc.).
- Greater gender parity in the distribution of project resources
4.2 it is noted that there is an
(technology training opportunities
- increase in the representation
Increased participation of women and men in project activities
- of women in the LSBs and
Improved representation of women in decision – making bodies
other organizations (LPRAT,
created with the project.
Brgy. UBAS Action Team,
etc.)
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene

FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS and

CONCLUSIONS (Note the differing
responses of women and men)
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS

Project 5.0 Master strategies with gender issues 5.1 No, There are few responses
Identification which say that there are gender
and Planning of 5.1 Do the strategies matched the identified equality strategies or activities but no
Safe Water, gender issues and gender equality goals? specific gender to match the issue.
Sanitation and
Hygiene Projects 5.2 Aware of the gender parity
5.2 Do the activities or interventions reduce concepts but are not familiar with
gender gaps and inequalities? How? strategy matching
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene

FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS and

CONCLUSIONS (Note the differing
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS responses of women and men)

Project 6.0 Gender analysis of the designed project

Identification 6.1 Yes. Division of labor is
and Planning of 6.1 Gender division of labor usually tied to a socio cultural
Safe Water, pattern wherein light and easy
Sanitation and
Hygiene Projects
6.1.1 Does the project addresses the works are usually assigned to
array of women’s and men’s roles and women while hard tasks are
responsibilities in the productive and performed by man.
reproductive spheres? How?
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS
and CONCLUSIONS (Note the
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS differing responses of women
and men)

Project 6.1.2 Partly Yes. Although

6.1.2 Does the project consider the
Identification analysis of the varying needs and
varying needs and priorities of women and men in
and Planning of priorities are superficial. (No
safe water, sanitation and hygiene, and where comprehensive response?
Safe Water, required, including needs and priorities in
Sanitation and environmental management, resource use, and
Hygiene 6.1.3 Yes women and men agree
conservation? How? on the work norms. However,
Projects
6.1.3 Does the project consider how women and men women find it difficult to complete
fit their resource management activities with their their household chores, as well
other productive, reproductive, and community tasks as their field and project work.
in scheduling project activities? How? Thus, there are adjustments in
the schedule and availability of
women.
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS and
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS CONCLUSIONS (Note the differing responses of
women and men)

Project 6.2 Access to and control of resources

Identification 6.2.1 Do women and men have equal access to 6.2.1 No. But few responses said yes but not
and Planning of extension services, information, training, and mentioned the specific extension services
technology to be introduced by the project? Give
Safe Water, examples?
Sanitation and
Hygiene Projects 6.2.2 Did the project involved female 6.2.2 No project involvement. There is no specialized
hydrologist? Sanitation engineers, foresters, expertise.
fishery extension officers (for project in coastal On constraints, Yes, through agreements, the project
areas) community and sectoral leaders? Who have provided considerations to scheduling, giving
were involved? How many women and how priority to women specially the mothers.
many men?
6.2.3 Were the agency/project personnel 6.2.3 On agency/ project personnel trained for
capacitated or trained for gender-responsive gender responsive program. Yes (MHO, MODC,
development? If yes, what kind of trainings were GAD Focal Person) specific trainings not mention.
implemented? Who conducted the trainings?
When?
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD RESPONSES,
FINDINGS and
CONCLUSIONS (Note
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS the differing
responses of women
and men)

Project 6.3 Constraints

Identification
and Planning of 6.3.1 Did the project devised strategies to overcome the
Safe Water, constraints? (Including mobility and time constraints for
Sanitation and women) to project participation by women and by men?
Hygiene How?
Projects
6.3.2 The project considered that the constraints to
women’s participation may require separate programming
(by way of separate groups, activities or components?) IF
NEEDED: did the project addresses this kind of
constraints? How?
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS and
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS CONCLUSIONS (Note the differing
responses of women and men)
Project 7.0 Monitoring targets and indicators No. project monitoring plan does not
Identification Does the project include gender equality categorically include the gender
and Planning of targets and indicators for welfare, access, dimension of the project. In the MHO or
Safe Water, consciousness raising, participation, and health interventions, there are sex
Sanitation and
Hygiene Projects
control? If yes, what are these targets? disaggregated indicators for
consciousness raising etc.

8.0 Sex-disaggregated database Some projects requires sex aggregated

Does the project monitoring framework or data especially in KALAHI CIDSS but
plan include the collection of sex- not all information that will track down
disaggregated data? If yes, what are these the gender differentiated effect of GAD
data?
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS
Project 9.0 Resources
Identification 9.1 Does the budget allotted by the project
and Planning sufficient for gender equality promotion or
of Safe Water, integration- at the minimum, the five percent (5%)
Sanitation GAD budget is properly allocated to ensure that
and Hygiene the project is gender sensitive and responsive?
Projects
9.2 Does the project have the expertise to
integrate GAD or to promote gender equality and
women’s empowerment? Or does the project
commit to invest project staff time in building
capacity for integrating GAD or promoting gender
equality? How?
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS and
CONCLUSIONS (Note the differing
responses of women and men)
9.1 There is a budget for GAD-related
activities but this is insufficient to ensure
that the project will address relevant
gender issues.
9.2 Regarding the project commitment to
invest staff in time in building capacity for
GAD. Most of the response is YES
although it is also considered to tap
external expertise
 Tool 5A - GAD Mainstreaming in Project Identification, Planning and
Implementation of Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS
Project 10.0 Relationship with the agency’s GAD efforts
Identification and 10.1 will the project build on or strengthen the LGU’s
Planning of Safe commitment to the advancement of women and girls?
Water, Sanitation How?
and Hygiene
Projects 10.2 Does the project have an exit plan that will ensure
the sustainability of GAD efforts and benefits?
10.3 Will the project build on the initiatives or actions of
other organizations in the area? OR, will it involve gender
equality and women empowerment institutions in the area
(e.g. GAD Resource Centers of PCW)? How?
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS and
CONCLUSIONS (Note the differing
responses of women and men)
They mentioned the agency’s GAD plan but
no direct connection is made to incorporate
the project’s GAD efforts to the plan; they
also mentioned of other GAD initiatives in
the project coverage, but no comprehensive
explanation of how the project will build on
these initiatives. The GAD Focal Person is
presently installing a GAD database and the
GAD Code is in the process of
enhancement/ revision/ amendments.
Tool 5B: Time Use Tool

Purpose of the Tool

This tool is one of the standard instruments for conducting gender analysis. This
will extract information on gender roles and gender division of labor in the
context of water, sanitation and hygiene.

Outputs of the Tool

This tool will reveal gender equality deficits, issues and gaps faced by
women and men on a daily basis as they access water, sanitation and
hygiene as well as gender division of labor in the context of water,
sanitation and hygiene. This will also reveal the pattern of demands for
water, sanitation and hygiene
Session Objectives
Session Objectives
Tool 5C: FGD on Sanitation and Hygiene

Purpose of the Tool

To assess and document information whether and to what degree key elements
of Gender Equality Programming are implemented in WASH projects.

Outputs of the Tool

FGD tool will surface gender issues specifically on access to sanitation and
hygiene.
 Tool 5C: FGD on Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS
and CONCLUSIONS (Note the
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS differing responses of women and
men)
Sanitation • Are you familiar with the term “open defecation” have you • Yes, napupo sa gawas ng bahay, at sa
heard of this term before? Where and How? damuhan
• How is this “term” translated in your language? What do you
call “open defecation” in your language? • Napupo kahit saan
• Is such a practice being done in your community? Elsewhere? • Yes
• Why is this being practiced? What could be some of the reason
for this practice? • Walang kakayahan makagawa ng CR
• How does this impact on the lives of women and girls? • Degrading & shameful, eyesore
• How does this impact on the lives of men and boys? • The same with the girls
 Tool 5C: FGD on Sanitation and Hygiene

FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS

and CONCLUSIONS (Note the
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS differing responses of women and
men)

Hygiene • Is handwashing a standard practice in your • Yes

community?
• Yes
• Are you aware of the standard procedure for
handwashing?
• When is handwashing usually done? • Before and after eating or when
touching dirty things
• Are there other issues concerning hygiene that is
affecting your community? What are some of its • Yes, malnourished and madungis
negative effects?
 Tool 5C: FGD on Sanitation and Hygiene
FGD RESPONSES, FINDINGS
and CONCLUSIONS (Note the
TOPICS FOCUS QUESTIONS
differing responses of women and
men)
Access to • Have you heard or received any • Yes
Information on messages about hygiene, cleanliness
Sanitation and or handwashing? • Wash hands before and after
Hygiene • What is the message? eating and anytime whenever
necessary.

• When was the message received? • Very often especially thru

media
• For whom?
• TV, Shool, RHU, Hospital
Tool 5 - Gender Analysis Tools for Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Guide to Analyzing the ISWASH Assessment Data and Information
Water Sanitation Hygiene
Trends:

Describe the situation of water
in the community from the
point of view of women and
girls, men and boys.
For level II water systems, both
men and women have easy
access to water, however,
health is compromised because
of the doubtful quality of water.
Absence of water treatment
Describe the situation of
sanitation in the community
from the point of view of
women and girls; men and
boys.
Some households with no
sanitation facilities share with
their relatives who have
sanitary toilets. Open
defecation is rampant in the
community.
Describe the situation of
sanitation in the community
from the point of view of
women and girls; men and
boys? There are handwashing
facilities.
Male and female are aware of
standard procedure for
handwashing and the
opportune time to hand wash.
Improper handwashing
practice.
Findings
Conclusions:
 Tool 5 - Gender Analysis Tools for Safe Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene Guide to Analyzing the ISWASH Assessment Data and
Information
Trend and Findings Conclusions
• Women are rarely consulted in projects on WASH; if • Very weak gender analysis, from project
consulted, still around their traditional conceptualization and design, to
(reproductive)roles implementation, to monitoring and evaluation
• Collection of sex-disaggregated data (during project • As such differentiated needs of women and
designing, during project monitoring) limited; and when girls, men and boys not identified; project ends
collected, not really used up as “usual” WASH project, reinforcing
• Gender analysis, if carried out, is superficial and partial, traditional roles on WASH – considering
focus more on mobilizing women (following their women’s role in WASH at the household level
traditional roles) (as seen in the Time Use exercise)
• No differentiated project design, objectives and • Need for capacity building: Operationalizing
strategies for women and men gender concepts.
• There seems to be knowledge on gender concept but
difficulty in operationalizing these concepts in the
project