Chapter 2 Energy and Matter

2.6
Changes of State

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1
Melting and Freezing

A substance
• is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid.
• is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid.
• such as water has a freezing (melting) point of 0°C.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2
Calculations Using Heat of Fusion

The heat of fusion

• is the amount of heat released when 1 gram of
liquid freezes (at its freezing point).
• is the amount of heat needed to melt 1 gram of a
solid (at its melting point).
• for water (at 0°C) is
80. cal
1 g water

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Calculation Using Heat of Fusion

The heat needed to freeze (or melt) a specific mass

of water (or ice) is calculated using the heat of
fusion.
Heat = g water x 80. cal
1 g water

Example: How much heat in cal is needed to melt

15.0 g of water?

15.0 g water x 80. cal = 1200 cal

1 g water

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Learning Check

A. How many calories are needed to melt 5.00 g of

ice at 0°C?
1) 80. cal 2) 400 cal 3) 0 cal

B. How many calories are released when 25.0 g of

water at 0°C freezes?
1) 80. cal 2) 0 cal 3) 2000 cal

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Solution

A. How many calories are needed to melt 5.00 g of ice

at 0°C?
2) 400 cal 5.00 g x 80. cal
1g

B. How many calories are released when 25.0 g of

water at 0°C freezes?
3) 2000 cal 25 g x 80. cal
1g

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Sublimation

Sublimation
• occurs when particles
change directly from solid
to a gas.
• is typical of dry ice, which
sublimes at -78C.
• takes place in frost-free
refrigerators.
• is used to prepare freeze-
dried foods for long-term
storage.

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Evaporation and Condensation

Water
• evaporates when
molecules on the
surface gain sufficient
energy to form a gas.
• condenses when gas
molecules lose energy
and form a liquid.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8
Boiling

At boiling,
• all the water molecules
acquire enough energy
to form a gas.
• bubbles appear
throughout the liquid.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9
Heat of Vaporization

The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat

• absorbed to vaporize 1 g of a liquid to gas at the
boiling point.
• released when 1 g of a gas condenses to liquid at
the boiling point.

Boiling Point of Water = 100°C

Heat of Vaporization (water)

= 540 cal
1 g water

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Learning Check

How many kilocalories (kcal) are released when 50.0 g

of steam from a volcano condenses at 100°C?

1) 27 kcal
2) 540 kcal
3) 2700 kcal

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Solution

How many kilocalories (kcal) are released when 50.0 g

of steam in a volcano condenses at 100°C?

1) 27 kcal

50.0 g steam x 540 cal x 1 kcal = 27 kcal

1 g steam 1000 cal

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Summary of Changes of State

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Heating Curve

A heating curve
• illustrates the changes
of state as a solid is
heated.
• uses sloped lines to
show an increase in
temperature.
• uses plateaus (flat
lines) to indicate a
change of state.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14
Learning Check

A. A flat line on a heating curve represents

1) a temperature change.
2) a constant temperature.
3) a change of state.

B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents

1) a temperature change.
2) a constant temperature.
3) a change of state.

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Solution

A. A flat line on a heating curve represents

2) a constant temperature.
3) a change of state.

B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents

1) a temperature change.

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Cooling Curve

A cooling curve
• illustrates the changes
of state as a gas is
cooled.
• uses sloped lines to
indicate a decrease in
temperature.
• uses plateaus (flat
lines) to indicate a
change of state.

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17
Learning Check

Use the cooling curve for water to answer each.

A. Water condenses at a temperature of

1) 0°C. 2) 50°C. 3) 100°C.
B. At a temperature of 0°C, liquid water
1) freezes. 2) melts. 3) changes to a gas.
C. At 40°C, water is a
1) solid. 2) liquid. 3) gas.
D. When water freezes, heat is
1) removed. 2) added.

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Solution

Use the cooling curve for water to answer each.

A. Water condenses at a temperature of

3) 100°C.
B. At a temperature of 0°C, liquid water
1) freezes.
C. At 40 °C, water is a
2) liquid.
D. When water freezes, heat is
1) removed.

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Heat Calculations

To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250 g of ice. If

the ice (at 0°C) melts and warms to body temperature
(37.0°C), how many calories are removed from the body?

A. 3.0 x 105 cal

B. 2.0 x 104 cal

C. 1.0 x 103 cal

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Heat Calculations

To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250 g of ice. If the

ice (at 0°C) melts and warms to body temperature
(37.0°C), how many calories are removed from the body?
Step 1: Diagram the changes

37°C T = 37.0°C - 0°C = 37.0°C

temperature increase

0°C solid liquid

melting

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Heat Calculations

Step 2: How is the ice changing

Ice is melting from 0°C to 37.0°C, use the heat of

fusion.
Heat = g of ice x 80.0 cal
1 g ice

Step 3: Plug value into equation

Heat = 250 g of ice x 80.0 cal = 2.0x104 cal (B) or 2.0x101 kcal
1 g ice

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