BUILDING ADVANCED

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VOCABULARY

P R E S E N T E D B Y-
B H A N U P R ATA P S I N G H
P R A K H A R VA R S H N E Y
ZABIHUALLAH
Z A M E E R A R YA
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TYPES editWORD
Master FORMATION
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DERIVATION
Derivation is the creation of words by modification of a root without the addition of other roots. Often the effect is a change in part of
speech
COMPOUNDING
• Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes. The words are called compounds or compound words.
• In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or borrowed

BLENDING
• Blending is one of the most beloved of word formation processes in English. It is especially creative in that speakers take two words
and merge them based not on morpheme structure but on sound structure. The resulting words are called blends.
• Usually in word formation we combine roots or affixes along their edges: one morpheme comes to an end before the next one starts.
For example, we form derivation out of the sequence of morphemes de+riv+at(e)+ion. One morpheme follows the next and each one
has identifiable boundaries. The morphemes do not overlap.

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TYPES editWORD
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ACRONYMS
• Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and making a word out of it. Acronyms provide a way of turning a
phrase into a word. The classical acronym is also pronounced as a word. Scuba was formed from self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus.
CLIPPING
• Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is 'clipped' off the rest, and the remaining word now means essentially
the same thing as what the whole word means or meant. For example, the word rifle is a fairly modern clipping of an earlier
compound rifle gun, meaning a gun with a rifled barrel.
ANALOGY
• Sometimes speakers take an existing word as a model and form other words using some of its morphemes as a fixed part, and
changing one of them to something new, with an analogically similar meaning. Cheeseburger was formed on the analogy of
hamburger, replacing a perceived morpheme ham with cheese.
CREATIVE RESPELLING
• Sometimes words are formed by simply changing the spelling of a word that the speaker wants to relate to the new word.

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SYNONYMS

Synonyms provide variety in our speech or writing. And, since there are endless arrays of synonyms, it’s possible to avoid over-usage
and repetition.
Examples of synonyms:
Baffle: confuse, deceive
Beautiful: attractive, pretty, lovely, stunning
Bossy: controlling, tyrannical
Fair: just, objective, impartial, unbiased
Funny: humorous, comical, hilarious, hysterical
Happy: content, joyful, mirthful, upbeat
Hardworking: diligent, determined, industrious, enterprising
Honest: honorable, fair, sincere, trustworthy
Hypocrisy: duplicity, falseness
Important: required, vital, essential, primary, significant, critical
Intelligent: smart, bright, brilliant, sharp
introverted: shy, bashful, quiet, withdrawn
Kind: thoughtful, considerate, amiable, gracious
Lazy: idle, lackadaisical, lethargic, indolent

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ANTONYMS

A word that expresses a meaning opposed to the meaning of another word, in which case the two words are antonyms of each other
Most antonyms are pretty obvious, like "good" and "bad," or "black" and "white." Some words can be transformed into their antonyms
simply by adding the prefixes "un," "in," or "non," as when "likable" is changed into its antonym, "unlikable." The word antonym itself
takes the Greek word anti, meaning "opposite," and adds it to -onym, which comes from the Greek onoma, or "name." So antonym
literally means "opposite-name.“
Some Examples for Antonyms are:

Achieve - Fail Ancient - Modern

Giant - Dwarf Individual – Group
Random - Specific Shame - Honor
Afraid - Confident Arrive - Depart
Gloomy – Cheerful Innocent - Guilty
Rigid - Flexible Simple - Complicated

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EPONYMS

An eponym is a person, place, or thing after whom or after which something is named, or believed to be named. The adjectives derived
from eponym include eponymous and eponymic.
A person or thing’s name can come to be associated with the name of another character, person, product, object, activity, or even a
discovery.
Some Examples for Eponyms are:
Medicine History Mathematics and Physics Architecture
• Alzheimer’s disease • Elizabethan Age • Euler’s constant • Eiffel Tower
• Parkinson’s disease • Edwardian Age • Avogadro’s number • Dorian columns
• Lou Gehrig’s disease • Age of Pericles • Joule • Leaning Tower of Pisa
• Apgar score • Nixon Era • Doppler effect • Saint Peter’s Basilica
• Cesarean section • Kennedy’s Camelot • Pythagoras theorem

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HOMONYM
S
Homonyms are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings.
Some Examples for Homonyms are:

• Arm – body part • Band – a ring, sometimes symbolizing • Bright – very smart or intelligent
eternity
• Arm – division of a company • Bright – filled with light
• Band – a musical group

• Atmosphere – the gases surrounding the • Capital – the chief city of a state
earth • Bat – an implement used to hit a ball
• Capital – a crime punishable by death
• Atmosphere – the mood of a situation • Bat – a nocturnal flying mammal

• Circular – taking the form of a circle

• Bail – to clear out water • Beat – to overcome something
• Circular – a store advertisement
• Bail – to release a prisoner • Beat – to feel exhausted

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HOMOPHON
ES
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also
differ in spelling. The two words may be spelled the same, such as rose (flower) and rose (past tense of "rise"), or differently, such as
carat, caret, and carrot, or to, two, and too. The term "homophone" may also apply to units longer or shorter than words, such as phrases,
letters, or groups of letters which are pronounced the same as another phrase, letter, or group of letters. Any unit with this property is
said to be "homophonous".
Some Examples for Homophones are:

• air, heir • cell, sell • dear, deer • heal, heel • knight, night
• aisle, isle • cent, scent • die, dye • hear, here • knot, not
• ante-, anti- • cereal, serial • eye, I • him, hymn • know, no
• bare, bear, bear • coarse, course • fair, fare • hole, whole • made, maid
• be, bee • complement, • fir, fur • hour, our • mail, male
compliment
• brake, break • flour, flower • idle, idol
• dam, damn
• buy, by • hair, hare • in, inn

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SUBSTITUTION

One word Substitution is one of the integral parts of vocabulary. It simply means that a sentence has to be replaced with a single word.
This area requires a good vocabulary to solve the questions well. Questions based on one word substitution are often asked in various
competitive exams. One easy method of doing one word substitution is by using the root method. Roots are nothing but the words from
which the main word has been derived.

CRACY = RULE / GOVERNMENT CIDE = KILLING

• A government by the people - Democracy
• A government by a king or queen - Monarchy
• A government by the officials - Bureaucracy
• A government by the rich - Plutocracy
OMNI = ALL
• One who is all powerful - Omnipotent
• One who is present everywhere - Omnipresent
• One who knows everything - Omniscient
• Killing of a human being - Homicide
• Killing/ Murder of a king - Regicide
• Killing of an Infant/ newborn baby - Infanticide
• Killing of a race or community - Genocide
• Killing of One's sister - Sorocide
• Killing of self or self-murder - Suicide
• Killing of either or both parents - Parricide

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IDIOMATIC title style
EXPRESSIONS

Idiomatic expressions are a type of informal language that have a meaning different from the meaning of the words in the expression.
Here's an example of an idiomatic expression:
Hold your tongue, This idiom doesn't actually mean that you should stick your fingers in your mouth and grab a hold of your tongue. It
means that you shouldn't talk.
People "hold their tongues" when they're in situations where they want to talk, but it would be better if they didn't. So, while their
tongue is ready to do some talking, they "hold" it and don't say anything.
Some other examples of Idiomatic Expressions:
• ‘Speak of the devil’ – this means that the person you’re just talking about actually turns up at that moment.
• ‘See eye to eye’ – this means agreeing with someone.
• ‘Once in a blue moon’ – an event that happens infrequently.
• ‘When pigs fly’ – something that will never happen.
• ‘To cost an arm and a leg’– something is very expensive.
• ‘A piece of cake’– something is very easy.

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PROVERBS

A proverb is a short, pithy saying that expresses a traditionally held truth or piece of advice, based on common sense or experience.
Proverbs can teach you more about a country’s culture than any textbook. They show what’s important to the group of people, what is
considered good behavior and what is bad behavior. Proverbs can also tell you the history of a place. For example, proverbs from
farming towns will use a lot of farming language, and fishing villages will talk about the sea.
Some of the examples for Proverbs:

• A bad workman always blames his tools. • All good things come to an end
This proverb is used when someone blames the quality of Good experiences eventually come to an end
their equipment or other external factors when they perform a
• All roads lead to Rome
task poorly.
There are many different routes to the same goal.
• Actions speak louder than words
• An empty vessel makes much noise
Actions are a better reflection of one’s character because it’s
easy to say things, but difficult to act on them and follow Foolish or stupid people are the most talkative.
through.

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Thank You

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