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Laser Cooled Atomic Gases

Dr. Muhammad Waseem

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Light is a wave
Signature is interference and wave length

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Material object shows particle nature

Signature is momentum

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Matter waves: de Broglie’s Hypothesis

• Wave particle duality must be universal

“all material particles should display a dual wave particle

behavior ”

h𝜈 h
𝑝= =
𝑐 𝜆

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Electron waves in orbit

---(1)
h
𝜆=
𝑚𝑣
Put value of wave length in Eq. 1

Which is exactly the Bohar angular momentum quantization

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Wave particle duality

De Borglei’s Hypothesis: Linking wavelength and momentum

h h
dB  
p mv
 For electron v  6 106 m / s dB  1010 m comparable to atomic size.

 For football v  40m / s dB  1034 m much smaller than football size.

Therefore, electron behaves as a matter wave and football do not

Or

Electron lives in quantum world while football (macroscopic things) lives in classical
Newtonian world.
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Main motivation

Electron behave like a wave

Why not macroscopic objects like collection of atoms?

If yes

Then what?

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Classical ideal Boltzmann gas

1 / 3
d n  m
At room temperatu r T  300 K
2
mv
 k BT
2
h h
dB    0.01nm
mv m 2k BT / m

𝝀 𝒅𝑩 ≪ 𝒅 Gas particles are indistinguishable

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Ultracold quantum gases

Quantum statistics matters
Reducing the velocity of 1
atoms close to the zero dB  𝝀0
T 𝑇 ∼ 𝒅𝑩 ≥ 𝒅

Collection of atoms follows quantum rules

=Fermi energy

Cornell, Ketterle and Wieman Degenerate Fermi gas:

2001 Nobel Prize Bose Einstein condensate (1995): Fermi-Dirac distribution
Bose Einstein distribution
JILLA Group 1999
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Ultra cold Fermi gas

T / TF  0.1
v  13mm / s

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Experiments on laser cooling

How to cool the atoms

Lithium-6: Fermionic

Or

Lithium-7: bosonic

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One dimensional optical mollases

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Magneto-Optical Trap (3D trapping, 1987)

Atoms are impelled to the center by three counter propagating beam.

671nm


TD   140K
2k B
Minimum Doppler temperature is related to life time of excited state, and not sufficiently cooled.

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Evaporative Cooling

General Principle: cooling of a cup of tea through perspiration.  

How to build optical trap for evaporative ?.  

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Optical Dipole Trap / Tweezers 1970

e
l  1064nm
  0
0  671nm

g
E 2
Electric field E of laser induced dipole moment on atoms U dipole 
2
Since Intensity I  E2

the spatial gradient of the laser intensity provides a dipole force.

Birth of Ultracold gases

And
Viruses, bacteria and other living cells can be held too, and
examined and manipulated without being damaged (MEDICAL
SCIENCE)
Nobel Prize 2018
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Preparing degenerate Fermi gas: 3D

Decreasing Laser Intensity

T / TF  0.1
v  13mm / s

We got fermionic matter waves

If use Bose gases ,we will get

Bose Einstein Condensation
instead of degenerated Fermi gas
CCD Camera image

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Quantum gyroscope: determination of earth rotation

Useful for underwater and indoor navigation where GPS system fails

atoms

Because the Earth rotates, one of the clouds will travel slightly
farther than the other

Phase shift at the end due to earth rotation

Cold atoms behaves as a wave

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Microgravity sensing in space sciences

Jet propulsion Lab NASA
The Cold Atom Laboratory launched to the space station on May 21, 2018, aboard a Northrop
Grumman Cygnus spacecraft from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.

To explore a previously inaccessible regime of extremely low temperatures where interesting and
novel quantum phenomena can be expected.
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