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Chap - 7 ENTROPY
Chap - 7 ENTROPY
Chap - 7 ENTROPY
ENTROPY
OUTLINE
• Entropy
• Entropy balance to various systems
• T-s diagram
• Entropy changes of pure substances.
• Entropy changes of incompressible
• Entropy changes of ideal gases.
• Isentropic processes
• Reversible steady-flow work relations.
2
WHAT IS ENTROPY?
Measure of molecular disorder
or molecular randomness
Boltzmann
relation
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
Or Internally
Reversible
Irreversible
Clasius
inequality
Formal
definition
of entropy
A cycle composed of a
reversible and an
irreversible process.
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Can the entropy of a system during a process decrease?
The entropy change of an isolated
system is the sum of the entropy
changes of its components, and is
never less than zero.
Entropy Change of a
System, ∆Ssystem
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ENTROPY GENERATION, SGEN Entropy generation
outside system
boundaries can be
accounted for by
writing an entropy
balance on an
extended system that
includes the system
and its immediate
surroundings.
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CONTROL VOLUMES
The entropy of a
substance always
increases (or
remains constant in
the case of a The entropy of a control
reversible process) volume changes as a result
as it flows through a of mass flow as well as heat
single-stream, transfer.
adiabatic, steady-
flow device. 34
EXAMPLE 7-17: ENTROPY GENERATION IN A WALL
EXAMPLE 7-18: ENTROPY GENERATION IN A WALL
SOME REMARKS ABOUT ENTROPY
1. Processes can occur in a certain direction
only, not in any direction. A process must
proceed in the direction that complies with
the increase of entropy principle, that is,
Sgen ≥ 0. A process that violates this
principle is impossible.
2. Entropy is a nonconserved property, and
there is no such thing as the conservation of
entropy principle. Entropy is conserved
during the idealized reversible processes
only and increases during all actual
processes.
3. The performance of engineering systems is
degraded by the presence of irreversibilities,
and entropy generation is a measure of the
The entropy change of a
magnitudes of the irreversibilities during that
system can be negative,
process. It is also used to establish criteria
but the entropy generation
for the performance of engineering devices.
cannot.
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PROPERTY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING ENTROPY
On a T-S
diagram, the
area under the
process curve
represents the
heat transfer for
internally
reversible
processes.
25
THE ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES
From the first T ds relation From the second T ds relation
A broadcast
from channel IG.
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CONSTANT SPECIFIC HEATS (APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS)
On a unit–mass basis
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29
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASES
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate
Analysis)
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ISENTROPIC PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASES
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
A substance leaves
actual nozzles at a
higher temperature
(thus a lower velocity)
as a result of friction. 34
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is
called an isentropic process.
During an internally
reversible, adiabatic
(isentropic) process, the The isentropic process appears as a
entropy remains constant. vertical line segment on a T-s diagram.
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THE T DS RELATIONS