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MALESTERILE w5
MALESTERILE w5
MALESTERILE w5
Taryono
Faculty of Agriculture
Gadjah Mada University
Several forms of pollination control
1. Manual emasculation
2. Use of male sterility
3. Use of self-incompatibility alleles
4. Use of male gametocides
5. Use of genetically engineered “pollen killer” genetic
system
Male-sterile
Plant that do not produce viable, functional pollen grains
An inability to produce or to release functional pollen as a
result of failure of formation or development of functional
stamens, microspores or gametes
Three types of sterility:
1. “Pollen sterility” in which male sterile individuals differ from normal only
in the absence or extreme scarcity of functional pollen grains (the most
common and the only one that has played a major role in plant
breeding)
2. “Structural or staminal male sterility” in which male flowers or stamen
are malformed and non functional or completely absent
3. “Functional male sterility” in which perfectly good and viable pollen is
trapped in indehiscent anther and thus prevented from functioning
Type of Male-sterile
Based on its inheritance or origin
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) = sterile cytoplasm (S)
Male steril comes about as a result of the combined action of nuclear genes
and genic or structural changes in the cytoplasmic organellar genome
maternally inherited
Some drawback:
1. insufficient or unstable male sterile
2. Difficulties in restoration system
3. Difficulties with seed production
4. Undesirable pleitropic effect
Cytoplasmic male-sterile
Origins:
1. Intergeneric crosses
2. Interspecific crosses
3. Intraspecific crosses
4. Mutagens (EMS, EtBr)
5. antibiotic (streptomycin and Mitomycin)
6. Spontaneus
CMS Characterization
It has been traditionally characterized by the restore genes required
to overcome the CMS and to provide male sterile progeny in the male
sterile system
CMS restoration is by nuclear genes, frequently dominant in action, in
many cases, few in number
The CMS restore genes temporarily suppress the expression of the
CMS permitting normal or near-normal pollen production
CMS mechanism of action
Abnormal behavior of the tapetum in the anther
Genetic determinant of CMS reside in mitochondria
Nuclear gene control the expression of CMS
CMS Limitation
Pleiotropic negative effect of the CMS on agronomic
quality performance of plants in the CMS cytoplasm
Enhanced disease susceptibility
Complex and environmentally unstable maintenance of
male sterility and/or male fertility restoration
Inability to produce commercial quantities of hybrid seed
economically because of poor floral characteristic of cross
pollination
CMS Utilization
It provides a possible mechanism of pollination control in
plants to permit the easy production of commercial
quantities of hybrid seeds
It consists of a male sterile line (the A-line), an isogenic
maintainer line (The B line), and if necessary also restore
line (the R-line)
A lines are developed by back-crossing selected B-lines
to a CMS A-line for 4 – 6 times to generate a new A-line
B and R-lines are developed by similar back cross
procedures using a CMS R-line as female in the original
cross and a new line as the recurrent parent in 4 – 6
backcrosses
Fertility restoration in maize
Simple hybrid with cms and
restoration
C1 C1
CMS line (A-line) N1 x N1 Maintainer line (B-line)
CMS, rfrf N, rfrf
Large amounts C1
of CMS line N1 N2
N and RfRf
C1
Fertile F1 hybrid
CMS, Rfrf
Breeding hybrid carrots
CMS Utilization
Selfing the last backcross generation two successive times
and selection of pure breeding male fertility restore line is
required to complete the development of the new R-lines
developed in the CMS
Current commercial hybrid seed production relies entirely
on the block method (alternating strips of female and
male genotypes
Nuclear male sterility
Originated through spontaneous mutation or mutation
by ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens such as
ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and ethyl imine (EI) or
by genetic engineering, protoplast fusion, T-DNA
transposon tagging and affecting the synthesis of
flavonoids
can probably be found in all diploid species
Usually controlled by mutations in genes in the single
recessive genes affect stamen and pollen development,
but it can be regulated also by dominant genes
Morphology
Temperature
Changing the optimal temperature can induce sterility
Photoperiod
It has a strong influence (Photoperiod sensitive)
Changing the growth habit can stimulate the sterility
Cytological Changes
Other substances
a. LY195259
b. TD1123
Auxins and antagonists
It may differently affect some far-reaching
process, such as blockade of nutrient transport
to the development anthers
Male sterility induced was expressed in several
ways
in situ pollen germination,
in situ exudation of pollen cytoplasm,
modification of certain stamens into staminodes
Tapetum fails to enlarge (MH and IBA) or tapetal cells enlarges
atypically and was persistent
Gibberellins and antagonists
GA affects on sexual determination and floral
development
The response varies by species
GA interferes with the development of male floral organs
or promotes feminization
Gibberellin-synthesis inhibitors (CCC) at certain
concentration, selectively inhibits the development of
stamen or otherwise suppresses pollen development .
These effects are not sufficiently selective
Abscisic acid
ABA caused effect on developing floral buds similar to
CCC
ABA caused male sterility if applied to plant just prior to
or during meiosis of pollen mother cells (wheat). ABA
may cause male sterility through more than one
mechanism
LY195259
It is 5-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(3-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-
4-carboxylic-acid
It is an effective chemical hybridizing agent
It is applied when the flower was quite short with high
application rates, whereas lower dosages resulted in
progressively reduced inhibition
Sterility at lower dosages was associated with smaller,
abnormally twisted and intensively pigmented locules
The hybrid seed appeared normal, and no other
phytotoxic effects were visually evident from rates
Uptake from soil was particularly effective
TD1123
It is potassium 3,4-dichloro-5-isothiocarboxylate
When applied underdeveloped anthers, they will fail to
dehisce
A variety of morphological effects were observed at
higher treatment levels
Metabolic Inhibitors
There are halogenated aliphatic acids (alpha, beta-
dichloroisobutyrate and 2,2-dichloropropionate salts)
and arsenicals (methanearsonate salts)
They affect mitochondrial protein by reducing the
efficiency of normal metabolic processes
Inhibitors of microspore
development
Copper chelators
Copper deficiency causes the irregular or absent of pollen development
Copper deficiency exerts the effects by inhibiting copper-requiring
oxidases that function in auxin metabolism
Ethylene
It is a natural regulator of the development and maturation of several
floral organs. Filament and corolla growth (unfolding and senescence)
are inhibited by ethelene production
Fenridazon
It is 1-(-4chlorophenyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-
oxopyridazine-3-carboxylic-acid.
The treated microspores had wavy surfaces and progress to
plasmolysis and abortion with the onset of the microspore
vacuolation stage
Pollen wall was 80% thinner in treated plants
Inhibitors of microspore
development
Phenylcinnoline carboxylates (SC-1058, SC-1271 and SC-2053)
All capable of producing complete male sterility with minimal phytotoxicity
and loss of seed yield when applied just prior to meiosis
They cause a general retardation of anther development
Pollen development was generally arrested in the late prevacuolate or early
vacuolate microspore stage
The microspore often becomes wavy or wrinkled and the cytoplasm
degenerates and the cells become collapsed.
SC-1058:
1-(4’-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-oxo-5-fluorocinnoline-3-carboxylic acid
SC-1271:
1-(4’-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo-5-propoxycinnoline-3-carboxylic acid
SC-2053:
1-(4’-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo-5(methoxyethoxy) cinnoline-3-carboxylic acid
Inhibitors of microspore
development
Genesis ® (MON 21200)
It provides good CHA activity over a very diverse range of
genotypes, geographic regions and growing condition
Seed production has provided a high and reliable level of
outcrossing
Hybrids produced with the aid of genesis are equivalent to
conventional hybrids based on CMS technology
Inhibitors of pollen fertility
Azetidine-3-carboxylate (A3C, CHA™)
It effectively induces male sterility in small grains, particularly
wheat
The major effect of mature pollen is a structural alteration of
cell wall precursor vesicles
Only 10% of the pollen grains showed normal pollen tube
growth in the first hour after pollination and none penetrated
the secondary stigmatic branch
MALE-STERILITY
THROUGH RECOMBINANT
DNA TECHNOLOGY
Taryono
Faculty of Agriculture
Gadjah Mada University
I. Dominant Male-Sterility Genes
Targetting the expression of a gene encoding a cytotoxin by placing
it under the control of an ather specific promoter (Promoter of TA29
gene)
Expression of gene encoding ribonuclease (chemical synthesized
RNAse-T1 from Aspergillus oryzae and natural gene barnase from
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)
RNAse production leads to precocious degeneration of tapetum cells,
the arrest of microspore development and male sterility. It is a
dominant nuclear encoded or genetic male sterile (GMS), although
the majority of endogenous GMS is recessive
Success in oilseed rape, maize and several vegetative species
Used antisense or cosuppression of endogenous gene that are
essential for pollen formation or function
Reproducing a specific phenotype-premature callose wall dissolution
around the microsporogenous cells
Reproducing mitocondrial dysfunction, a general phenotype
observed in many CMS
Fertility restoration
Restorer gene (RF) must be devised that can suppress
the action of the male sterility gene (Barstar)
1. a specific inhibitor of barnase
2. Also derived from B. amyloliquefaciens
3. Served to protect the bacterium from its own RNAse activity by
forming a diffusion-dependent, extreemely one to one complex
which is devoid of residual RNase activity
The use of similar promoter to ensure that it would be
activated in tapetal cells at the same time and to
maximize the chance that barstar molecule would
accumulate in amounts at least equal to barnase
Inhibiting the male sterility gene by antisense. But in the
cases where the male sterility gene is itself antisense,
designing a restorer counterpart is more problematic
Production of 100% male sterile
population
When using a dominant GMS gene, a means to
produce 100% male sterile population is required in
order to produce a practical pollination control system
Linkage to a selectable marker
Use of a dominant selectable marker gene (bar) that confers
tolerance to glufosinate herbicide
Treatment at an early stage with glufosinate during female parent
increase and hybrid seed production phases eliminates 50%
sensitive plants
Pollen lethality
add a second locus to female parent lines consisting of an RF gene
linked to a pollen lethality gene (expressing with a pollen specific
promoter)
Induced GMS
regeneration
Agrobacterium-
mediated
transformation male-sterile
plant
How to propagate
male-sterile plants?
Inducible sterility
Inducible fertility
Two-component system
Selection by Herbicide Application
Tapetum-
specitic Gene for a RNase from
B. TA29 Barstar NOS-T
promoter
amyloliqefaciens
A (SH/-) X B (-/-)
SH/- -/-
-/- SH/- -/- SH/-
pTA29-barnase : S (sterility)
p35S-PAT : H (herbicide resistance)
pTA29-barstar : R (restorer) Fertile F1 (SH/-, R/-)
NH4+ accumulation
Male sterility
in tapetal cell
Glutamate Glutamine
N-acetyl-
L- Glufosinate
N-acetyl-L-ornithine (toxic)
phosphinothricin
deacetylase
(non-toxic)
(coded by argE)
Plants transformed
by TA29-argE
fertile
N-acetyl-L-
phosphinothricin
selfing
Sterile parent X Fertile parent
Plants transformed
by TA29-argE Fertile F1 plant
fertile
Inducible Fertility
addition of
restricted
metabolite
selfing
Sterile parent
Two-Component System
A1
A1(Bn5/Bn5)
(B5/B5) X A2 (Bn3/Bn3)
fertile fertile
A (Bn5/Bn3) X B (- -)
sterile fertile
selfing selfing
F1 (Bn5/-)
fertile
F1 (Bn3/-)
A1
A1 (Bn5/Bn5)
(B5/B5) X A2 (Bn3/Bn3)
fertile
fertile fertile
A (Bn5/Bn3)
sterile
Bn3 : 3’ portion of barnase gene
Bn5 : 5’ portion of barnase gene
Advantages of CMS Engineering
O
Acetyl-CoA
C
CH3 S-CoA
Acetoacetyl-CoA C C
CH3 CH2 S-CoA
NADPH
NADP+ Acetoacetyl-CoA
( phaB gene )
HO O reductase
fertile
(R)-3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA CH C
CH3 CH2 S-CoA
Polyhydroxybutyrate C CH C CH O -
pLDR-5’UTR-phaA-3’UTP
vector construction
Transformation by
Particle bombardment
fertile
Mechanism for CMS
Acetoacetyl-CoA
-ketothiolase
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA
carboxylase Malonyl-CoA Fatty acid
Illumination
for 8 ~ 10 days
Male fertility
Prospects for CMS Engineering