Presented by :

Yashasvini
Tharani
Rashmi
Devi priya
vandana
INTRODUCTION
MEANING

 Possibility
 It is a branch of mathematics
 It deals with the occurrence of a random
event
 The value is expressed from zero to one
 It has been introduced in math to predict
how likely events are happen
 Probabilities are written in decimals,
fraction or percentage.
EXPERIMENT
An operation which can produce some well defined outcomes is
known as an experiment. There are two type of experiments

 Deterministic experiment

 Random experiment
Sample space

The set of all possible outcome of a random experiment is called as sample space
and is generally denoted by S.
EXAMPLES :
 In tossing of a fair coin , there are two possible outcomes head(H)and tail(T)
S ={ H , T }
 When two fair coin are tossed together , the possible outcomes of the
experiment are HH, HT,TH, TT S = { HH, HT, TH, TT}

 When 3 fair coins are tossed S = { HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
THT, TTH, TTT}
EVENT
Any subset of a sample space , For example, on
the roll of a die , getting an even number is an event . The
sample space is S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } . This event is a
subset containing sample points P(E)= { 2, 4, 6}

NULL EVENT
An event which does not contain any
outcome is called an impossible event it is
denoted by ∅ . Eg; getting a number
greater than 6 in single throw of
Sure event
An event which contains all the
outcomes equal to sample space is called sure
event or certain event. Eg ; In a single throw of
dice if E is the event of getting an even less than
10 E = { 2, 4, 6,}

COMPOUND EVENT
An event which has more than one outcome
is called as compound event. Eg ; S = HH, HT,
TH, TT, The event be “at least one head appear”
E = HH, HT, TH As E has more than one
EXHAUSTIVE EVENTS
 Events of a random experiment are said to
be exhaustive if at least one of them
necessarily occurs.
 Example :rolling a die
 Sample Space={1,2,3,4,5,6}
 A:Getting even no={2,4,6}
 B:Getting odd no={1,3,5}
 C:Getting prime no={2,3,5}
 The events a , b are exhaustive events
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENT

 Two events are said to be mutually

exclusive when both cannot happen
simultaneously in a single trial.
 Example; when we role a die
 Sample={1,2,3,4,5,6}
 A=be an event greater than 2
 B=an event less than 2
 A={3,4,5,6}
 B={1}A n B≠0
INDEPENDENT EVENTS

 Several events are said to be

independent if the happening
of an event is not affected by
the supplementary knowledge
concerning the occurrence of
any number of remaining
events.
COMPLEMENTARY
Events
 Two events are said to be
complementary when one event
occurs if and only if the other does
not. The probabilities of two
complimentary events add up to 1
 P(A)+P(B)= 1
 Example ; tossing of a coin
P(A)heads= 1out of 2 or 0.5
P(B) tails= 1out of 2 or0.5
That is 0.5+0.5=1 P(A)+P(B)=1
CLASSICAL AT
MATHEMATICAL APPROACH

Definition: If a trial results in „n‟ exhaustive,

mutually exclusive, equally likely and
independent outcomes, and if „m‟ of them are
favorable for the happening of the event E, then
the probability „P‟ of occurrence of the event
„E‟ is given by
P(E)=Number of outcomes favorable to event E
Exhaustive number of outcomes
=m/n
LIMITATIONS

The probability of the occurrence of the event ‘A’ is

P(A). Further, P(A) always lies between 0 and 1.
The outcomes should be equally likely, mutually
exclusive and exhaustive.
 EXAMPLE:1

1. Find the probability of getting a head in a throw of a

coin?
When we toss a coin either we get (H)or(T)
Therefore, total number of cases-2=n, number of
favourable cases to get H=1=m
P(H)= No.of favourable cases=m=1
Total no. of cases n 2
 EXAMPLE-2
An unbiased die is rolled. Find the probability of
(a) Getting a multiple of 3 (b) Getting a prime number
When a die is rolled we can get any one of the 6 numbers
1,2,3,4,5,6,
Total number of cases is 6.
(a) Let event A be A: getting a multiple of 3 .Then A={3,6}
P(A)=m/n=2/6=1/3
(b) Let event B: getting a prime number
B={2,3,5} m=3
P(B)=m/n=3/6=1/2
 EXAMPLE-3

A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.

Find the probability that
a) Card drawn is red
Totally there are 52 cards and any one can be drawn n=52
There are 13 diamonds which are red and 13 hearts which
are red.
Therefore, number of red cards=m=26
P(getting red)=26/52=1/2
ADDITIONAL THEOREM
CASE1: When the events are NOTE : It can be extended to any
mutually exclusive events number of mutually exclusive and non
P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B) mutually exclusive event .
Occurrence of either a or b also means
CASE2: When the events are occurrence of atleast one.
non mutually exclusive events. “The literal meaning is add individual
P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) Probabilities of two or more events.”


MULTIPLICATION THEOREM
CASE1: when the events are
Independent
P(A n B)=P(A).P(B)
NOTE :replaced ( independent)
Not Replaced (dependent)
CASE 2: When the events are The above theorem can be extended to
Dependent any number of independent events
P(A n B) =P(A).P(B/A)
ADDITIONAL THEOREM (example)
MULTIPLICATION THEOREM (example)
 Conditional probability
Let A and B be two events. Then conditional probability of B given A, is the
probability of happening of B when it is known that A is already happened.

NOTE; the probability of happening of B when nothing is known

about happening of A is called unconditional probability of B
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY (example)
Bernoulli distribution

 Discovered by swiss mathematician James Bernoulli (1654-

1705)
 If X is a discrete random variable then  px (1 – p)1 – x,
 The distribution of x is called Bernoulli
 It has one constant namely p(parameter)
 X=0,1 is the range
 Mean =p, variance=pq,
 Mean is greater than variance
 Ex; the tossing of a fair coin once can be considered as a
Bernoulli trial because, the toss may result in a success (say
H) or a failure (T) and the probability of success remains
same (1/2) for any trial.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
1. DISCRETE PROBABILY DISTRIBUTION
1. BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
a binomial distribution
occurs when there are only
two mutually exclusive
Possibly outcomes,
FORMULA
It is a discrete distribution with
Parameters n &p
2 . POISSON DISTRIBUTION
in binomial distribution the
Value of n was finite. But there
Are few problems when n
Cannot be estimated. If n is
Not known. In such cases
Poisson distribution is
Applicably.
Formula to find mean Formula to find mean
Variance & standard deviation Variance & standard deviation

ASSUMPTION
• The occurrences of events in
assumptions non Overlapping intervals
• The no of trials ‘n’ is fixed & are
Finite independent
• Each trial has 2 outcomes i.e. S • n*p=m remains fixed
Or F • n is approaching towards
• All trials must be independent Infinity.
• Probability of success ‘p’
remain constant for each trial
Example problem of BD
Example problem of poisson distribution
2.CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
1.Normal probability Assumptions
distribution • The normal curve is bell
The normal distribution refers shape
To a family of continuous • It is symmetric
Probability distribution by the • The mean median &mode
Normal equation. are equal
formula
Standard normal distribution formula