Energy Construction Utilities: California Community Colleges Workforce & Economic Development

Energy Storage Technologies
Energy Construction
& Utilities
California Community Colleges
Workforce & Economic Development
Energy Storage Applications
• Utility Grid • Customer Site

• Transmission – Energy Cost
• Bulk Storage for Management
Load/Resource – Renewable Energy
Management Output & Load
• Spinning Resource Matching
• Ancillary Services – Backup
• Renewable Energy – Power Quality
Integration
• Distribution
• Peaker/Backup Resource
• Power Quality
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Discharge Rate vs Size
End-User
Applications
Source: EPRI
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Customer Load Management
* Mock load,
electric rate &
cost
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Customer Load
Management, cont.
39% Cost
Charge Savings Charge
Discharge
*Mock load, electric rate & cost
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Customer Load
Management, cont.
Over Generation
Under
Charge Generation
Discharge
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Energy Storage for
Backup Power
• Uninterruptible APC Back-UPS,
Power Supply (UPS) 200 Watts /350 VA,
Input 120V
– Critical device /Output 120V
level
• Facility Backup
– Critical systems ABB Conceptpower
or buildings DPA 500 100 kW up
to 3 MW
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Power Quality
• Impulsive Transient Power Quality is Important

The symptoms of a power quality problem could be as subtle as
• Oscillatory Transient a light that dims every time a large motor starts or as
• Sag/Swell catastrophic as equipment failure. Whatever the case, power
quality problems may disrupt your business operations. Today,
• Under-/Over-voltage there is widespread use of digital or microprocessor controlled
devices in all areas of our customer's businesses.
• Interruption
Many of these new devices are more sensitive and may not
• Harmonic Distortion operate properly when small variations or disruptions in the
• Voltage Flicker electrical supply occurs. Some examples of problems that occur
due to power quality problems are: Automatic Resets, Data
• Electrostatic Discharge Errors, Equipment Failure, Circuit Board Failure, Memory Loss,
Power Supply Problems, UPS Alarms, Software Corruption, and
• Noise Overheating of electrical distribution systems.
Source: https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/for-businesses/power-quality-for-
businesses/power-quality-problems
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Microgrids and Storage
Potential benefits are the same, but scaled for local services
• Allows microgrids to operate non-carbon emitting resources
• Helps achieve islanding and shifting time-of-use
• Allows distributed generation to synchronize with or without the presence of
the grid (PV generation requires a voltage source with which to synchronize)
• “Smooths” power flow from intermittent sources
Image source: Siemens, Inc.
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Simple Electric Energy
Storage Device
AC to ? Electric to Stored Stored to Electric

Conversion Energy Conversion Energy Reconversion ? to AC
Losses Conversion
Losses
𝛥
Energy Storage Capacity
Di
sc
h
Ch
ar
ge
arg
e
Stored AC Electricity
AC Electricity Energy
s
se
os
yL
db
an
St
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Energy Storage
Technology Types
• Hydraulic
• Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)
• Pneumatic
• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
• Kinetic
• Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)
• Electromagnetic
• Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
• Electrical
• Double Layer Capacitors (DLC)
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Electro-Chemical Energy
Storage Technology Types
• Electro-chemical
• Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd)
• Iron Chromium (Fe-Cr)
• Lithium Ion (Li-ion)
• Sodium Sulfur (NaS)
• Lead Acid (LA)
• Zinc Air (Zn-air)
• Sodium Nickel Chloride (NaNiCl)
• Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB)
• Zinc-Bromide Hybrid Flow Battery (ZnBr HFB)
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Lithium Ion Battery
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Lithium Ion Battery, cont.
AES Storage LLC’s Laurel

Mountain Energy Storage supplies
32 MW of regulation in PJM
territory using Li-ion batteries.
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity
Storage Handbook
Energy Construction
& Utilities
A 30 kW/34 kWh Distributed Energy Storage Unit being installed at the Anatolia
SolarSmart Homes in SMUD territory.
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Residential Energy
Storage and Energy
Management System
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013
Electricity Storage Handbook
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Principles of the
Vanadium Redox
Battery
Electricity Storage
Handbook
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Vanadium Redox Flow
Battery, cont.
Prudent Energy 600-

kW/3,600-kWh VRB-
ESS Installed at Gills
Onions, Oxnard, CA
Electricity Storage
Handbook
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Zinc Bromine Flow Battery
The Zinc-bromine battery is another type of flow battery in which

the zinc is solid when charged and dissolved when discharged
Zinc-bromine Cell Configuration

Energy Construction
& Utilities
Zinc Bromine Flow
Battery, cont.
A 90-kW/180-kWh Zinc-
bromine Energy Storage
System by RedFlow
Housed in a 20 foot
shipping container.
Source DOE/EPRI 2013
Electricity Storage Handbook
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Iron Chromium Flow Battery
Principles of Operation
of an Iron-Chromium
Battery Energy Storage
System. Source:
DOE/EPRI 2013 Energy
Storage Handbook.
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Iron Chromium Flow Battery
Photo Courtesy of EnerVault.

Energy Construction
& Utilities
Performance
Source: IEC Electric Energy Storage White Paper
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Grid Integrated Water
Heaters
• Control box that can be incorporated into a
water heater to add grid interoperability.
• Also adding a remotely controlled resistive
heating element to the bottom of the water
tank.
• Since the water in the tank will naturally
stratify, the utility or aggregator will have
control of the initially cold water at the
bottom of the tank.
• The remotely controlled resistive element is
used to preheat this cold “make-up” water
as needed to any temperature up to
standard DHW temperatures. Thus,
consistent DHW temperatures are
maintained at the outlet.
Energy Construction
& Utilities
“Cool” Thermal Energy
Storage
• A heat sink can be generated
during off peak periods to provide
cooling during on-peak periods.
• Chilled water, ice “shuckers”, ice
on coil, eutectic salt systems
available.
• Economic benefits dependent on
electric rate design (TOU, peak
demand charges, etc.) and when
building cooling load can occur.
• Can be used for industrial process
and agricultural cooling too.
Source: U.S. Dept. of Energy
Energy Construction
& Utilities
Hydrogen Energy Storage
• Hydrogen is “clean” non-GHG producing

fuel for fuel cells and combustion engines.
It can be used for electric generation,
mechanical power, heating, cooling and
transportation purposes.
• Electrolysis of water is one way to
produce hydrogen and can use electricity
produced from renewable resources.
• Electrolyzers can range in size from small,
appliance-size equipment to large-scale,
central production facilities.
• The round trip efficiency today is as low as
30 to 40% but could increase up to 50% if
more efficient technologies are developed.
Anode Reaction: 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
[Source: Energy Storage Association]
Cathode Reaction: 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2
Source: U.S. DOE Office of Energy
Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Energy Construction
& Utilities

Energy Construction Utilities: California Community Colleges Workforce & Economic Development

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Energy Storage Technologies

• Utility Grid • Customer Site

*Mock load, electric rate & cost

• Impulsive Transient Power Quality is Important

Image source: Siemens, Inc.

AC to ? Electric to Stored Stored to Electric

Energy Storage Capacity

AES Storage LLC’s Laurel

Prudent Energy 600-

The Zinc-bromine battery is another type of flow battery in which

Zinc-bromine Cell Configuration

Photo Courtesy of EnerVault.

Source: IEC Electric Energy Storage White Paper

Source: U.S. Dept. of Energy

• Hydrogen is “clean” non-GHG producing

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