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Key Steps of Pinch Analysis
Key Steps of Pinch Analysis
Key Steps of Pinch Analysis
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Lesson content
Introduction
T-E diagram
Key steps of pinch analysis
Data extraction
Targeting
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Introduction
• Any flow which requires to be heated or cooled, but does not change
in composition, is defined as a stream.
• The feed, which starts cold and needs to be heated up, is known as a
cold stream.
• The hot product which must be cooled down is called a hot stream.
• The reaction process is not a stream, because it involves a change in
chemical composition
• The make-up flow is not a stream, because it is not heated or cooled.
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Cont…
• Hot streams
– Stream to be cooled
– Sources of heat
• Cold streams
– Stream to be heated
– Sinks of heat
• Supply temp – initial T
• Target temp – final T
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The temperature–enthalpy diagram
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1. Data extraction
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Cont…
• Often, where there is no permanent instrument in a location, there
is a sampling point where a thermocouple can be introduced, or the
external pipe temperature may be measured
• Specific heat capacities and latent heats can be obtained from:
- literature
- manufacturers’ data
- measurement.
• Cooling loads may be found from the flow rate and temperature
drop of the cooling water, and heater loads from the steam flow
(often inaccurate; condensate flow measurement may be preferable).
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Cont…
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Cont…
The various quantities are simply linked by the equation:
• where
• m: is the mass flowrate (kg/s);
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Cont…
d. Choosing streams
• How much should we subdivide streams when they pass through
intermediate process vessels such as storage tanks and pumps?
• Consider a stream which is currently heated from 10°C to 30°C,
passed through a storage tank, heated to 80°C in a heat exchanger and
then to 120°C in a utility heater.
2. Two streams, one from 10°C to the storage temperature of 30°C, and
one from 30°C to the final temperature of 120°C.
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Data extraction from process flow
Cont…
• If you break up process flows into too many separate streams, you increase
opportunities.
• In general, the designer should decide which supply and target temperatures
• He therefore needs to know which constraints on his plant are real, and
extraction.
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Cont…
• Hence, heat each stream separately to its final temperature, or
heat/cool one stream to the temperature of the other, then mix,
and then heat/cool the resulting mixture to its final
temperature.
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Cont…
Questions
• What If the original layout were retained???
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The solid line is for mixing and the broken line for the situation
where the streams are kept separate and run down to the final
temperature. 20
Cont…
f. Heat losses
life.
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Cont…
Utility Data and Economic Data (the type of data that is needed depends on
Minimum external heating (QH, min) and cooling (QC, min) demands,
Fewest number of heat exchangers (Umin), and
Minimum total heat transfer area (Amin)
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Energy targeting
1. Composite curves
• To handle multiple streams, we add together the heat loads or
heat capacity flow rates of all streams existing over any given
temperature range.
• Thus, a single composite of all hot streams and a single
composite of all cold streams can be produced in the T/H
diagram, and handled in just the same way as the two-stream
problem.
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• Between T1 and T2, only stream B
exists, and so the heat available in
this interval is given by CPB(T1-T2).
• However between T2 and T3 all
three streams exist and so the heat
available in this interval is
(CPA+CPB+CPC)(T2-T1 ).
•The overlap between the composite
curves represents the maximum
amount of heat recovery possible
within the process.
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Cont…
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Example 1
Determine the Qcmin and Qh min by plotting composite curve.
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Cont…
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(a) hot streams plotted separately (b) The composite hot stream
Cont…
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(a) The cold streams plotted separately. (b) The composite cold stream.
Cont…
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Cont…
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Cont…
1. Set up shifted temperature intervals from the stream supply and target
temperatures by subtracting Tmin/2 from the hot streams and adding Tmin/2
from which some of the shifted intervals are seen to have a surplus of heat and
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Cont…
3. Now, cascade any surplus heat down the temperature scale from
interval to interval. This is possible because any excess heat
available from the hot streams in an interval is hot enough to
supply a deficit in the cold streams in the next interval down.
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Cont…
• This basic approach can be developed into a formal algorithm known as the
problem table algorithm.
• algorithm will be explained using the data from example one for Tmin=10◦C.
Pinch
Qcm
(a) Cascade surplus heat from high to (b) Add heat from hot utility to make all heat
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low temperature. flows zero or positive.
Cont…
• QHmin=7.5MW
• QCmin=10 MW.
• The point where the heat flow goes to zero at T∗=145◦C
corresponds to the pinch.
• Thus, the actual hot and cold stream pinch temperatures are
150◦C and 140◦Crespectively.
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Cont…
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The grand composite curve shows the utility requirements both in enthalpy and
temperature terms. 41
Cont…
Example 2:
Tmin=5◦C.
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