Kinship and Descent

Family, Kinship, Descent

 The way in which
people behave toward
one another is based
on they perceive their
role; this role in most
societies is defined by
whom one is related
to.
 As we shall see,
many aspects of
kinship and descent
are socially
constructed.
Some New Terminology
 Affinals: relatives by marriage.
 Matrilineal descent: kin reckoned through the
mother’s lineage.
 Patrilineal descent: kin reckoned through the
father’s lineage.
 Bilateral descent: kin reckoned through both
sides of the family.
 Matrilocal: marriage residence at the mother’s
family house.
 Patrilocal: marriage residence at the father’s
family house.
What’s so special about family?
 A family is the basic
unit of the social
group.
 Anthropologists are
interested in looking
at families and how
they reckon kin since
kin behavior has
specific rules in each
culture.
 What is Kinship?
 Kinship – relationships based on blood or
marriage
 Every society defines the nature of kinship
interaction by determining
– which kin are more socially important than others,
– terms to classify kin types,
– expected forms of behavior between them
 Fictive kinship – people who are not related by
blood or marriage
 Consanguineal kin – kinship based on bloodline
 Affinal kin – kinship based on marriage
Cultural Rules Regarding Kinship

 All kinship systems are founded on

biological connections
– Each society classifies its kin according to a
set of cultural rules that may or may not
account for biological factors
– The ways in which societies sort and
categorize kinship relationships is as much
a matter of culture as it is a matter of biology
Functions of Kinship Systems
 Vertical function – provides social
continuity by binding together a number
of successive generations
 Horizontal function – tend to solidify or
tie together a society across a single
generation through the process of
marriage
Descent Groups
Descent groups are permanent social units
whose members believe they have
ancestors in common.
Descent groups are frequently exogamous.

Unilineal descent is kin reckoning through

one side of the family (matrilineal or
patrilineal).
Bilateral descent reckons through both
lineages.
 Lineages and Clans
 Common to both types of descent groups
is the belief in an apical ancestor(s)
(among Christians, this would be Adam
and Eve).
 Lineages differ from clans in that lineages
use demonstrated descent (the actual
genealogy can be cited).
 Clans have stipulated descent (they just
say they are related because they want to
be!).
 Descent Groups
 A descent group is a permanent social unit whose members
claim common ancestry.
 With matrilineal descent individuals automatically join the
mother’s descent group when they are born.
 With patrilineal descent individuals automatically join the father’s
descent group when they are born.
 Matrilineal and patrilineal descent are types of unilineal descent
in which individuals only recognize one line of descent.
 A lineage is a descent group who can demonstrate their
common descent from an apical ancestor.
 A clan is a descent group who claims common descent from an
apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it (stipulated descent).
 When a clan’s apical ancestor is nonhuman, it is called a totem.
Descent Groups
 Publicly recognized  Unilineal
 Social group – Matrilineal
• women as
 Real or mythical breadwinners
ancestor • horticulture
 Clearly defined – Patrilineal
• males as breadwinners
 Types
• pastoralists
– unilineal • intensive agriculture
– ambilineal – Ambilineal
Descent Groups
 Kinship systems encompass all the blood and
marriage relationships that
– Distinguish among different categories of kin
– Create rights and obligations among kin
– Serve as the basis for the formation of certain types of
kin groups
 The rules a culture uses to establish affiliations
with one’s parents and ancestors
 Often provide the basis for the formation of social
groups
 Descent Groups cont’d
 In societies with descent groups (unilineal
or cognatic), members:
– Have a strong sense of identity
– Often share communally held property
– Provide economic assistance to one another
– Engage in mutual civic and religious
ceremonies
– Serve as a social and political mechanism for
• Inheriting property and political office
• Controlling behavior
• Regulating marriages
• Structuring primary political units
Unilineal Descent Groups
 Approximately 60% of all kinship
systems
 Trace descent through either mother’s
or father’s line, but not both
 Mother’s line = matrilineal descent
 Father’s line = patrilineal descent
Patrilineal Descent
 Found on all continents and a wide range
of societies
 Most common unilineal descent system
 Females marry outside the patrilineage
and their children belong to the father’s
descent line
 Example = traditional Chinese culture
(patrilineal, patrilocal, obligations to elders)
Patrilineal: tracing descent through
the men only
 Matrilineal Descent
 Matrilineal descent group comprised of a
woman, her siblings, her own children, her
sisters’ children, and her daughters’
children
 Make up about 15% of unilineal descent
groups in contemporary societies
 Different from matriarchy (mythological)
 Men retain power and authority but inherit
it through the women
 Example = Zuni of New Mexico
Matrilineal:tracing descent through
women only
Types of Unilineal Descent
 Four major types in increasing levels of
inclusiveness: lineages, clans,
phratries, moieties
 E E EVANS PRITCHARD.
Unilineal Descent: Lineages
 Unilineal descent groups of up to
approximately 10 generations in depth
 Members can trace their ancestry back
(step by step) to a common founder
(matrilineages or patrilineages)
 Can undergo segmentation – subdivision
into smaller units depending on social
situation
Lineage
 corporate descent group
 common ancestor
 status comes from proof of genealogy
 continues after death
 takes corporate actions
 exogamous
Lineages
 Made up of consanguineal kin who can
trace their genealogical links to a
common ancestor.
 Marriage of a group member represents
an alliance of two lineages.
 Lineage exogamy maintains open
communication and fosters exchange of
information among lineages.
characteristics
 Named
 Exogamous
 Common religious obligations
 Corporate
 Units of social control
 Mutual aid
 Constitute feuding groups
 Unilineal Descent: Clans
 A group of kin usually comprising 10 or more
generations whose members believe they are all
related to a common ancestor but are unable to
trace their connections
 When clans and lineages are found together, the
clan is usually made up of a number of different
lineages
 Tend to be larger and more loosely structured
categories with which people identify
 Often associated with animals or plants (totems)
that provide a focal point for group identity
Clan
 Fission of lineage  patri, matri, and ambi,
 noncorporate -lineal
descent group  organizes for
 common ancestor ceremony
but do not know links  exogamous
 no residential unity  protection and
or corporate hospitality
holdings  uses symbols --
totemism
Unilineal Descent: Phratries
 Unilineal descent groups composed of
two or more clans
 Actual connections between the two
clans usually are not recognized
 Generally rare and do not serve
important social functions
 Phratry  Moiety
– unilineal descent – half
– at least two clans – share ancestor
– share common – can’t prove it
ancestor
– unable to trace
Unilineal Descent: Moieties
 Societies that are divided into two
unilineal descent groups
 Excellent example of social reciprocity
 Can play important roles in society but
are not a part of the political structure as
are lineages or clans
Corporate Nature of Unilineal
Descent Groups
 Clearly define who is a member and who is
not
 Endure over time
 Shape a person’s identity
 Regulate marriage
 Regulate property, rather than individual
control
 Strong corporate focus in social control
Cognatic (nonunilineal) Descent
Groups
 Approximately 40% of world’s
population
 3 basic types:
– double descent,
– ambilineal descent,
– bilateral descent
Cognatic: Double Descent
 Kinship is traced both matrilineally and
patrilineally
 Only about 5% of world’s cultures
 Patrilineal groups and matrilineal groups
are active in different spheres of the
culture
DOUBLE DESCENT:
MATRILINEAL FOR SOME PURPOSE
PATRILINEAL FOR SOME PURPOSE

BOTH RULES OF DESCENT OPERATE

SIMULTANEOUSLY
EG: ASHANTI OF WEST AFRICA

YAKO OF WEST NIGERIA

RITUAL INHERITANCE FROM MOTHER TO

DAUGHTER,
LAND, CATTLE ARE FROM FATHER TO SON.

REASON: MALE DOMINANCE IN MATRILINEAL

SOCIETIES.
Cognatic: Ambilineal Descent
 Parents have a choice of affiliating their
children with either kinship group
 More flexible system – allows for individual
choice concerning group affiliation
 The greater the flexibility of choice
concerning membership, the weaker thr
group’s loyalties, cohesiveness, and
impact on the lives of its members
Cognatic: Bilateral Descent
 Person related equally to mother’s and father’s
side of the family
 Practiced in U.S.
 Creates links from both sides of the family but
usually include only close kin from a small number
of generations
 Kindred – closely related relatives connected
through both parents to one living relative (or to
EGO)
 No two relatives (except siblings) have the same
kindred
 Loosely structured network of relatives works well
in a society that highly values personal
independence and geographic mobility
Kindred
 A small circle of paternal and maternal
relatives.
 A kindred is never the same for any two
persons except siblings.
Kindred
 relatives  ego and sibs only
 shared relations share same kindred
through living  temporary
person  changing
 ego is center of  ceases with death of
group ego
 group changes with  ceremonial group for
ego rites of passage
 exogamy
Bilateral:tracing descent through both
men and women
Apical Ancestors
 Apical clan ancestors
are commonly
nonhuman, and may
be an animal or plant
(a totem).
 Common clans of
Northwest Coast
Indian groups include
Raven and Wolf.
Kinship Calculation
 Ego refers to the reader.
 MBS = mother’s brother’s
son.
 MBD = mother’s brother’s
daughter.
 MZS = mother’s sister’s
son.
 MZD = mother’s sister’s
daughter.
 FBS = father’s brother’s
son.
 FBD= father’s brothers
daughter.
 FZS = father’s sister’s son.
 FZD= father’s sister’s
daughter.
 Kinship Terminology
Kinship Kin Group Residence Economy
Terminology Rule

Lineal Nuclear family Neolocal Industrialism,

foraging
Bifurcate Unilineal Patrilocal or Horticulture,
merging descent group matrilocal pastoralism,
– patrilineal or agriculture
matrilineal
Generational Ambilineal Ambilocal Agriculture,
descent group, horticulture,
band foraging
Bifurcate Varies Varies VARIES
collateral
CLASSIFICATION OF
KINSHIP TERMS
1. BY MODE OF USE:
TERM OF ADDRESS

TERM OF REFERENCE

2. BY LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE:
ELEMENTARY: eg : FATHER/MOTHER
DERIVATIVE: eg: SISTER-IN-LAW/
DESCRIPTIVE: eg: FARBROR
3. BY RANGE OF APPLICATION
DENOTATIVE TERM: SINGLE KINSHIP
CATEGORY:
FATHER/MOTHER/HUSBAND/WIFE
CLASSIFICATORY TERM: TWO OR
MORE KINSHIP CATEGORIES: BY
GENERATION/SEX/GENEALOGICAL
Lineals, Collaterals, and Affinals
Lineal Kinship Terminology (what
we use)
Generational Terminology (parents
and siblings have the same terms)
Functions of Descent Groups
 Provide aid and security to their
members.
 Repositories of religious tradition, with
group solidarity enhanced by worship of
a common ancestor.
Structural PRINCIPLES
 ROBIN FOX:
 Men impregnate women
 Women bear children
 Men control economic activities
 Incest is taboo
 A R RADCLIFFE BROWN
 TYPOLOGY OF KINSHIP SYSTEMS
 1. ESKIMO:
 EXTREME: ALL LINEALS AND
LATERALS ARE DESIGNATED BY
CLASSIFICATORY TERMS
 2. HAWAIIAN:
 SIMPLEST OF ALL, AVOIDS EVEN
SEX DIFFERENTIATIONS
Lineal kinship: distinguishes lineal,
affinal and collateral kin
Generational Kinship: this calls ascending,
same sex relatives by the same names.
 3. IROQUOIS:
 BIFURCATE MERGING SYSTEMS
 4. OMAHA:
 IGNORES GENERATIONAL
DISTINCTIONS
 5. CROW:
 MATRILINEAL MIRROR IMAGE OF
PATRILINEAL OMAHA
 6. SUDANESE:
 EXTREME DESCRIPTIVE
Bifurcate Collateral: Different for
everyone, most particular
 KINSHIP BEHAVIOURS
 ROLE EXPECTATION
 MUTUAL
 1. AVOIDANCE: FATHER IN LAW VS
DAUGHTER IN LAW
 TO AVOID INCEST, FRAZER.
 2. JOKING: BETWEEN EGO AND
ELDER BROTHER’S WIFE,
 BETWEEN EGO AND WIFE’S
YOUNGER SISTER.
 KINSHIP BEHAVIOUR
 3. AVUNCULATE: WITH MATERNAL
UNCLE
 4. CAUVADE:
 HUSBAND IMITATES THE BEHAVIOUR
OF WIFE DURING CHILD BIRTH, TODA
OF INDIA
 5. AMITATE: BETWEEN EGO AND
FATHER’S SISTER.
 E B TYLOR 1889:
 PAEDONYMIC / TEKNONYMY
 KEELING ISLANDS, BALI, BORNEO,
 INDONESIA, TAIWAN, KOREAN
LANGUAGE, ARAB WORLD, SWAHILI
LANGUAGE, HABESHA’S OF HORN
OF AFRICA, YORUBA LANGUAGE.
FILIATION
 ALLOCATION OF INDIVIDUALS TO A
DESCENT GROUP .
 THROUGH FATHER’S OR
MOTHERS’S LINE OF DESCENT OR
BOTH.
COMPLEMENTARY
FILIATION – M .FORTES.
 IN UNLINEAL DESCENT GROUPS
FILIATION WITH MEMBERS OTHER
THAN THEIR LINEAGE.
 EG : TELLENSI OF GHANA.
 INTRODUCTION
 N S B GRAS :
 TERM ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY
COINED BY GRAS.
 ECONOMIC HISTORIAN.
 DEFINITION: SYNTHESIS OF
ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND
ECONOMIC STUDIES DEALING WITH
THE STUDY OF THE WAYS IN WHICH
PRIMITIVE PEOPLE OBTAINED A
LIVING.
DEFINITIONS
 RAYMOND FIRTH :
 SOCIAL ACTION WHICH INVOLVES A
COMBINATION OF VARIOUS KINDS
OF HUMAN SERVICE WITH ONE
ANOTHER AND WITH GOODS IN
SUCH A WAY THEY SERVE THE
GIVEN ENDS.
 SCHOLARS
 MARSHALL SAHLINS
 KARL POLANYI
 MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS

 IT IS THE TOTAL CULTURAL

SYSTEM , THE TOTAL SOCIETY
THAT PROVIDES THE CONTEXT FOR
INVESTIGATING AND
INTERPRETING THE SYSTEMS OF
PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE.
 HOEBEL AND WEAVER :
 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR BY WHICH GOODS
ARE PRODUCED ,ALLOCATED,
DISTRIBUTED USED AND CONSUMED.
 SAHLINS: ECONOMICS A STUDY OF
MAN IN THE ORDINARY BUSINESS OF
LIFE.
 ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY IS A
FUSION OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL
VARIABLES OF CULTURE AND
ECONOMICS.

 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF MAN IN

HIS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
FRAMEWORK/ SETTING.
PERSPECTIVES
 FORMALISM: PEOPLE GET GREATEST
PERSONAL SATISFACTION IN SAVING
THINGS AND IN DISTRIBUTING
SCARCE RESOURCES.
 SUBSTANTIVISM:
 PEOPLE WHO DO NOT EXCHANGE
THEIR GOODS FOR GAIN.
 CULTURALISM
 FORMALISM
 PEOPLE GET GREATEST PERSONAL
SATISFACTION IN SAVING THINGS
AND IN DISTRIBUTING SCARCE
RESOURCES.
 ECONOMICS IS ALL ABOUT
FULFILLING THE UNLIMITED WANTS
OF HUMANKIND WITH LIMITED
RESOURCES OR SCARCITY.
 EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF
RESOURCES.
 APPROACHES OF
FORMALISM
 1. UTILITY MAXIMIZATION
 2. RATIONALITY
 3. UNIVERSALITY OF SCARCITY
 4. PRINCIPLE OF DIMINISHING
MARGINAL UTILITY( ADDITIONAL
SATISFACTION GAINED FROM EACH
EXTRA UNIT OF CONSUMPTION )
 5. ALSO CALLED AS NEO CLASSICAL
ECONOMICS.
FORMALISTS
 RAYMOND FIRTH
 HAROLD K SCHNEIDER
 SUBSTANTIVISM
 KARL POLANYI ( BOOK: GREAT
TRANSFORMATION) :
 FORMAL MEANING OF ECONOMICS:
LOGIC OF RATIONAL ACTION AND
DECISION MAKING.
 SUBSTANTIVE MEANING OF
ECONOMICS: HOW HUMANS MAKE A
LIVING FROM THEIR SOCIAL AND
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
 ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENT.
CULTURALISM
 STEPHEN GUDEMAN:
 CENTRAL PROCESS OF MAKING A
LIVELIHOOD IS CULTURALLY
CONSTRUCTED.
 CULTURAL RELATIVISM
 POST MODERN SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT.
ECONOMY: SOCIAL
UNIVERSAL
 FEATURES
1. SOCIAL IN GENERAL: OF SOME
SORT.
2. RESOURCE UTILIZATION
3. MARKETS
 UNDERSTANDING SMALL
SCALE ECONOMIES
 MANNING NASH:
 1. TECHNOLOGY AND DIVISION OF
LABOR
 2. STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTIVE UNIT
 3. SYSTEMS AND MEDIA OF
EXCHANGE
 4. CONTROL OF WEALTH AND
CAPITAL.
Forms of exchange
 RECIPROCITY
 REDISTRIBUTION
 MARKET EXCHANGE
 MELANESIAN BIG MAN
 MARSHALL SAHLINS : 1963
 PUBLISHING ARTICLE: POOR MAN,
RICH MAN, BIG MAN,CHIEF.
 INFORMAL , INFLUENTIAL INDIVIDUAL
THROUGH SKILLED PERSUATION AND
WISDOM.
 PROVIDES PROTECTION AND
ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE TO
FOLLOWERS = RECEIVES SUPPORT
TO INCREASE HIS STATUS
 BIG MAN
 FACTION LEADERSHIP
 NON HEREDITARY, NON ASCRIBED
 POSITION IS FLUIDIC
 SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND
CEREMONIAL ACTIVITIES.
 OWNS LARGE NUMBER OF PIGS.
 THROUGH MANY WIVES=MANY
CHILDREN = INCREASED INFLUENCE.
 SPONSORS SOCIAL/CEREMONIAL
EVENTS TO PROVE HIS SUPERIORITY.
BIG MAN
 SUPPORTS HIS FOLLOWERS BY
GIVING THEM SUPPORT, PIGS/
WEAPONS ( TO PAY BRIDE PRICE) -
SO THAT THEY MAY GET A GOOD
WIFE.
 ALWAYS IN COMPETITION WITH
ASPIRING BIG MEN IN SOCIETY.
CASE STUDY : KULA RING/
EXCHANGE
 BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI:
 1922 : PUBLISHING : ARGONAUTS OF
WESTERN PACIFIC.
 TROBRIAND ISLANDS, PAPUA,NEW GUINEA,
MASSIM ARCHIPELAGO,
 18 ISLAND CLUSTER.
 HUNDREDS OF INDIVIDUALS ARE INVOLVED
IN CEREMONIAL EXCHANGE.
 OBJECTIVE: POLITICAL / ECONOMIC
SIGNIFICANCE.
 KULA
 OBJECTS:
 RED SHELL DISC NECKLACE: VEIGUN /
SOULAVA TRADED TO NORTH –
CLOCKWISE.
 WHITE SHELL ARM BAND : MWALI
 TRADED TO SOUTH- COUNTER CLOCKWISE.
 IF CEREMONIAL OPENING GIFT IS ARM
BAND THEN CLOSING GIFT IS NECKLACE
AND VICE VERSA.
 ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH GIMWALI/BARTER.
KULA
 KULA
 MARCEL MAUSS , THE GIFT -1922,
1979.
 EXCHANGE/GIFT/ITEM IS
STATUS/PRESTIGE SYMBOL.
 VALUE OF ITEM EXCHANGED IS
ACTIVELY PLAYED DOWN.
 OBLIGATIONS: HOSPITALITY,
PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE.
 SIMILAR TO MARRIAGE.
 ONCE IN KULA, ALWAYS IN KULA.
 KULA
 GIVER ENJOYS HIGHER STATUS THAN
RECEIVER.
 POKALA /OFFERINGS AND KARIBUTU/
SOLICITORY GIFTS ARE ALSO
EXCHANGED.
 CENTRAL THEME : HONOUR AND
NOBILITY, DISPLAY OF GREATNESS.
 CASE STUDY - POTLATCH
 CHINOOK ( NORTH PACIFIC) JARGON: (PUBLIC)
GIVING
 TO CELEBRATE BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, ADOPTIONS,
COMING OF AGE OF YOUNG PEOPLE, DEATHS,
 PUBLIC CEREMONY FOR ANNOUNCEMENT OF
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
 AS PENALTY FOR BREAKING TABOO, TO SAVE
FACE.
 TO SHOWCASE RIVALRY OR VENGEANCE.
 EG: KWAKIUTL INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
 RANK BASED GIFT ALLOCATION BY HOST
 GIFTS:
BLANKETS/BOATS/OIL/SLAVES/MONEY/PROPERTY
 GIFTS HAVE LITTLE INTRINSIC VALUE BUT
ENORMOUS SYMBOLIC VALUE,
 EG: LARGE PIECES OF BEATEN COPPER, DETAILS
OF GIVER AND RECEIVER IS INSCRIBED.
 ELABORATE RITUALS ACCOMPANY, LIKE
SINGING,DANCING,LAVISH FEASTING, LASTING
SEVERAL DAYS.
 ETIQUETTE AND BEHAVIOURS ARE STRICTLY
ADHERED TO, MISTAKES ARE PENALISED
IMMEDIATELY.
 POTLATCH IS NOT A PRACTICE OF SURPLUS BUT
SCARCITY.
MARKET EXCHANGE
 SILENT/MUTE BARTER
 DEPOT TRADE/ DUMB BARTER
 REASONS:
 PRIMITIVE PRACTICES
 LANGUAGE BARRIERS
 TO PROTECT SOURCE LOCATION
 EG: WEST AFRICA: SALT FOR GOLD
 AKSUMS OF SOUTH EAST AFRICA: GOLD FOR
BEEF
 BETWEEN VEDDAS( INDIGENOUS
COMMUNITIES) AND SINHALESE OF
SRILANKA
SIMPLE/EVOLUTIONARY
SEQUENCE OF ECONOMIES
1. FOOD COLLECTION ECONOMIES
a. FOOD GATHERING
b. HUNTING – FISHING
2. FOOD PRODUCTION ECONOMIES
a. PASTORAL
b. HORTICULTURAL
c. AGRICULTURAL
FOOD GATHERING
 NOMADISM
 SIMPLEST TECHNOLOGY
 NO SPECIAL DIVISION OF LABOUR
 NO SURPLUS
 NO TERRITORIALITY
 INFORMAL POLITICAL / LEADERSHIP
HUNTING FISHING

SEDENTARY
COASTAL
SEMI NOMADIC
RELATIVELY ELABORATE TECHNOLOGY
DIVISION OF LABOUR
SURPLUS
FORMAL POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
 PASTORAL ECONOMY
 NOMADIC, SEMI NOMADIC,
SEDENTARY
 SURPLUS
 SMALL COMMUNITIES
 DIVISION OF LABOUR
 HORTICULTURAL ECONOMY
 SEDENTARY
 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
 SEDENTARY
 SURPLUS
 DIVISION OF LABOUR
 FOR HIGH POPULATION DENSITY
TRIBAL ECONOMY( indigenous
economic system)
1. PRODUCTION WITHOUT TECHNOLOGICAL AIDS
2. MIXTURE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES WITH
RELIGION
3. PRODUCTION FOR CONSUMPTION
4. NON MONETARY
5. NON MARKET BASED
6. NON PROFIT ORIENTED
7. COMMUNAL ORIENTED
8. ABSENCE OF SPECIALIST
9. CONCEPT OF PROPERTY
10. ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS
GLOBALIZATION AND
INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
 SUPER STRUCTURE
 |
 STRUCTURE
 |
 INFRASTRUCTURE
 |
 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON
INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC SYSTEM
= GLOBALIZATION
= Indigenous economic system
EFFECTS: POSITIVE / NEGATIVE.
CASE STUDY
 CASE STUDY:
 EDWARD BROOK: DUAL ECONOMIES:
 L.P. VIDYARTHI.
 TRIBES: NANDI AND BUSHMAN TRIBES
OF AFRICA
 HUNTING/GATHERING ECONOMY/
PARTLY PASTORAL
 SEMI NOMADIC : NO CONCEPT OF
PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP
 COULDN’T ADJUST WITH MONETISED
ECONOMY.