Immunology on transplantation, malignancy and

immunoprophylaxis

Dr. Rina Das

Associate Professor
Microbiology,CNMC
 Specific learning objectives
• Types of transplants
• Types of rejection
• Graft vs Host reaction
• Tumour antigens
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Difference between active and passive immunity
• Difference between live and killed vaccine
• National immunization schedule
 TRANSPLANTATION
• Transfer of graft or transplant from cell, tissue
or organ from one site to another site
• Donar
• Recipient
• Suppression of immune system is the key for
transplant survival
• Transplantation is needed for damaged organ
or congenitally defective organ.
 Grafts

Based on viability
• Vital(living)
• Static(nonliving)
Based on anatomical sites of transplant
• Orthotropic
• Heterotropic
Based on genetic relationship
• Autograft
• Isograft
• Allograft(most common)
• xenograft
• Based on organ or tissue transplanted
• Skin,heart,kidney etc.
 Histocompatibility of graft
Histocompatibility
• Transplantation antigens are antigens of allograft.
Transplantation antigens are
• MHC(Major Histo compatibility Antigen/HLA
typing)
• ABO and Rh blood group matching
• Minor Histo compatibility Antigen
Matching must be done before transplantation
 TYPES OF GRAFT REJECTION
Hyper acute • Preformed antibody(anti
(within minutes to hours) HLA/ABO antibody)

• Cytotoxic T cell
Acute
• Antibody mediated
(weeks to months)

• Delayed type or Type IV

Chronic hypersensitivity mediated
(months to years) • Antibody mediated
 Graft verses Host reaction
• In Graft verses Host reaction or disease ,graft
mounts an immune response against
host(recipient).
GVH reaction:
• Graft must contain immunocompetent T cells
• Recipient should posses transplantation Ag that is
absent in graft.
• Recipient might be immuno suppressed so can
not generate immune reactions against graft.
 Cancer Immunology
• Tumour cells develop neoantigens and these are
mounting not only immune response to
malignancy but also help in diagnosis and
immunotherapy.
• Tumour antigens are of two types
1. Tumour specific transplantation antigen
2. Tumour associated transplantation antigen
a. Oncofetal Antigens
b. Non oncofetal Antigen
 CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY
Tumour antigens are targets
Immunotherapies are
• Cell based therapy-
• Monoclonal antibody
• Cytokine therapies

• Cancer vaccines:
• preventive: HBV,HPV
• Therapeutic
 Immunoprophylaxis
ACTIVE (Vaccination)
• Live attenuated(eg.BCG)
• Killed (eg.IPV)
• Toxoid
• Extracted cellular vaccine
• Subunit vaccine (HBsAg)
• Combinations ( eg.trivalent :DPT)
• DNA vaccine
• Edible vaccine
ADJUVANT

PASSIVE(immunoglobulin)
eg.Diphtheria immunoglobulin ,Rabies immunoglobulin ,Tetanus immunoglobulin
etc.
THANK YOU