Networks

Network Terms
• A network  Connection between two or more computers that are linked to :
* share resources (share Hardwares) (such as printers)
* exchange files / share other media
* allow electronic communications.
Wire Network  connection with physical wires .
Wireless Network  connection without physical wires. (Waves)
Node (or Host)  Any addressable device attached to a network.
Data transfer rate (also bandwidth) The speed which data is moved from
one place to another on a network. (Maximum Speed).
Protocol A set of rules that defines how
data is formatted and processed on a
network. (Standard Rules) (such as HTTP ,
HTTPs , SMTP , TCP/IP)

Client/server model  a client makes requests

of a server and the server responds.

Request
Client Server
Respond

File server  A computer dedicated to storing

and managing files for network users.

Web server  A computer dedicated to

responding to requests for Web pages.
Node / Host

Network
 Host Types
A typical large network consists of :
1) Server : A powerful computer that provides services to other
computers on the network.
2) Clients : Computers that use the services provided by the
server.
3) Peer : A computer that can act as both a client and a server.
Network History
• The Idea of a Network started by the mainframe.
• A mainframe is a very large and expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of
users simultaneously.
• Users accessed the mainframe through dumb terminals

Central
Computer
 IBM 360
Mainframe
Disadvantage of Mainframe

• Processes are not

performed locally.
• Not affordable for single
users and can take up a
lot of space.
Network Classification
1) Classification by Scale
2) Classification by Communication Pattern
3) Classification by Physical Topology
Computer Networks Classification by Scale
Personal Area Network  PAN (Bluetooth)
1 m < 10 m .
Local Area Network  LAN (WIFI Tech)
10 m < 10 km .
Room , Building , Campus .
Metropolitan Area Network  MAN (WIMAX Tech)
10 km < 100 km .
City .
Wide Area Network  WAN
100 km < 10,000 km .
Country .
The Internet  WWW ( internet is a network of networks )
> 10.000 km .
planet
Local Area Network (LAN)
Advantages :

1) Fast Data Access .

2) Small Space Requirements .
3) Less Expensive Equipment .
4) Low Error Rates.
5) Less Investment For Hardware and Software .

Disadvantages :

1) Limited options .
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Advantages :

1) Large Number of Clients .

2) Moderate Error Rates .

Disadvantages :

1) Large Space Requirements .

2) Slower Data Access .
3) More Expensive Equipment .
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Advantages :

1) Grow without bounds .

2) Multiple Users .

Disadvantages :

1) Large Space Requirements .

2) Slower Data Access .
3) Very Expensive Equipment .
4) Highest Error Rates .
Computer Networks Classification by
Communication Patterns
Computer Networks Physical Topologies  describes the
Classification by arrangement of devices used to implement the
network . (Design of networks)
Physical Topologies
Topological Devices can be either nodes or
endpoints or they can be connections or links .

Physical Topology can take many forms :

1) Buses .
2) Stars .
3) Rings .
4) Meshes .
5) Trees .
6) Hybrid .
1) Bus Topology
Nodes attach to a Linear Trunk Network .
Any computer is linked to T-Connectors .
The end of cable linked to Terminators .
2) Star Topology
Multiple Nodes connect through a Single Node to one another .
Single Node  Central Device .
3) Ring Topology
Nodes are connected to cyclical Trunk line .

Completely connected .

Like Bus Topology but not used terminators .

Higher speed than bus topology .

Types of ring topology :

1) unidirectional Ring Topology . 2) bidirectional Ring Topology .

 4) Mesh Topology
• n(n-1)/2
• n= number of computers in full mesh.
• Nodes are connected to other nodes Directly (Web) .

• Types of Mesh topology :

1) Partial Mesh Topology .
More cost-efficient Implementation .

2) Full Mesh Topology

 5) Tree Topology
Nodes in a Network connected like Branches of Tree .
Combination of Star Topology and Bus Topology .
6) Wireless Topology
A network that isn't used cables .
Such as ( Ad-hoc , Access point ) .
7) Hybrid Topology
Combination of many types of networks .
Network Cables
1) Coaxial Cable
2) Twisted Pair
3) Fiber Optic
‫‪1) Coaxial Cable‬‬
‫عبارة عن أسالك نحاس مغلفة بطبقة حماية لمنع التشويش ومتصلة ب ‪ DSL Modem‬وذ‪5‬لك للتمييز بين ‪TV‬‬
‫‪Signal and Internet‬‬
 ‫‪2) Twisted Pair‬‬

‫• هى عبارة عن ‪ 8‬أسالك كل طرفين متصليين ببعض ويتم توصيل هذه االسالك بكارت ال ‪LAN‬‬
‫مثل ‪. Rj 45‬‬
‫• ‪ 4‬أسالك فقط التى تعمل (‪)1,2,3,6‬‬

‫• تنقسم إلى نوعان ‪:‬‬

‫‪shielded twisted pair. )1‬‬

‫‪.2) unshielded twisted pair‬‬

‫‪xz‬‬
‫‪3) Fiber Optic‬‬
‫هى عبارة عن كابالت ضوئية أطرافها زجاجية(‪ ) Glass Fiber‬وبالتالى سرعتها أسرع من ‪Waves‬‬
‫أسرع أنواع الكابالت فى نقل البيانات حيث أنه ينقل البيانات لمسافات كبيرة جداً‬
‫أغلى أنواع الكابالت ألنه ينقل إشارات ضوئية وليست موجات ‪.‬‬
‫أنواعه ‪:‬‬

‫‪LC Fiber Optic Cable .‬‬ ‫‪)1‬‬

‫‪.2) MT-RJ Fiber Optic Cable‬‬