THEME:

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

LEARNING AREA:
3.0 GRAVITATION
 
CONTENT STANDARD:
3.3 MAN-MADE SATELLITE

LEARNING STANDARD:
COMMUNICATE ON GEOSTATIONARY AND
NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES
Presented by :
1. Syenny Ng Sien Ni
2. Chang Xin Yi
3. Low She Ern
4. Chang Poh Sweet
5. Lim Jie Yee

Class : 4S3
Introduction
Geostationary (GSO) satellites occupy an orbital position 36,000 km
above the earth, and remain in a stationary position relative to the
Earth itself. The world's major existing telecommunications and
broadcasting satellites fall into this category.

Non-geostationary (NGSO) satellites occupy a range of orbital

positions (LEO satellites are located between 700km-1,500km from
the Earth, MEO satellites are located at 10,000km from the Earth), and
do not maintain a stationary position, but instead move in relation to
the Earth's surface.
Functions for one geostationary
and one non-geostationary
Geostationary
• Geostationary satellites are a key tool for scientists to monitor and observe the
Earth's atmosphere. They are called geostationary due to their movement.
Geostationary satellites orbit around the Earth at the same rate as the Earth
rotates so that the satellites are over the same spot on Earth all the time. This
allows them to collect a continuous stream of data for one location so that
"movies" of the data can be made.
Non-geostationary
• Non-geostationary (NGSO) satellites used for surveillance of earth surface,
military data gathering and earth resources data gathering GPS.
 Lifespans of one geostationary and
one non-geostationary satellite
• A satellite launched in the 1990s was designed to operate for an
average 12 years, a life expectancy that by the 2000s increased to 15
years. Many continue to operate for 18 years or more, but 15 remains
the prevailing design life.
Advantages of a non-geostationary
satellite
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) systems can
provide true global coverage.
• Lower path loss makes it possible to use hand-held terminals.
• Signals undergo low-to-medium propagation delay-of the order of~5-
100ms from transmitter to receiver. At the lower end, the delay is of
the order of optical fibre systems which offers the possibility of
developing fibre optic-like satellite systems.
Why do communication satellites
need to be in geostationary orbits?
• Communications satellites are often placed in a geostationary orbit so that
Earth-based satellite antennas (located on Earth) do not have to rotate to
track them but can be pointed permanently at the position in the sky
where the satellites are located. Weather satellites are also placed in this
orbit for real-time monitoring and data collection, and navigation
satellites to provide a known calibration point and enhance GPS accuracy.
• Geostationary satellites are launched via a temporary orbit, and placed in
a slot above a particular point on the Earth's surface. The orbit requires
some station keeping to keep its position, and modern retired satellites
are placed in a higher graveyard orbit to avoid collisions.
Satellite design, aspects, explanation
• Solar Array: Power to run the sensors, active heating, cooling and telemetry.
Power for electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, sometimes called electric
propulsion or solar-electric propulsion.
• Antenna: antenna that focuses signals at a single point called a parabolic antenna.
The bowl shape is what allows the antennas to both capture and transmit
electromagnetic waves.
• Thrusters: Thruster is a propulsive device used by spacecraft for station keeping,
attitude control, in the reaction control system, or long-duration, low-thrust
acceleration.
• Propellant tank: A propellant tank is a container which is part of a vehicle, where
propellant is stored prior to use. Propellant tanks vary in construction, and may be
a fuel tank in the case of many aircraft.
• Apogee Kick Motor: that is regularly employed on artificial satellites to provide
the final impulse to change the trajectory from the transfer orbit into its final
(most commonly circular) orbit.
• Function: satellites send signals from a central station that generates
programming to smaller stations that send the signals locally via cables or the
airwaves.

Maybe the new satellite of future will spend about $500 million dollars above
and need a lot of workers to create it.
Conclusion
Geostationary Satellite appears to be located at a fixed point in space
when viewed from the earth’s surface while non-geostationary satellite
do not maintain a stationary position, but instead move in relation to
the Earth's surface.
References
1. https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/geostationary-satellites/
2.https://www.itu.int/newsarchive/wtpf96/fact.html
3.https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-349-15131-
8_11.pdf
4.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit
5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite
6.https://www.slideshare.net/waqas1234/geostationary-satellite-
presentation
THANK YOU