21st Century Literature

of the Philippines and

the World

“Representative Texts and

Authors from Europe”

Quarter 2. Module 1
 The history of European literature and of each

Lesson 1: various periods is one of the prominent figures

among world literature. European literature emerges
from world literature before the birth of Europe,
whose classical languages are the recipients to the
complex heritage of the Old World. An additional

Representative unique feature is the global expansion of Western

Europe’s languages and characteristic of its literary

Texts and forms, especially the novel, the poetry, the epic
beginning in the Renaissance.

Authors from The literary prominence of Europe is

perceptibly known by its notable authors and their

Europe significant works. Here in this module, together, we

will venture towards
learning their prolific literary fame.
 What Is Latin American
Literature?

Latin American literature refers to written and oral works created by

authors in parts of North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Latin
  American authors usually write in Spanish, Portuguese, English, or a
language native to their specific country.

Latin American literature has a rich history starting in the Pre-Colombian

period and working all the way up to modern day. With each period of Latin
American history, came a genre that dominated the field.
 What is It
Literature broadly refers to any collection of written or oral
work, but it more commonly and narrowly refers to writings
specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose (fiction,
  non-fiction), epic drama, poetry forms and the like, in contrast to
academic writing and newspapers.
Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various
non-fiction genres, such as autobiography, diaries, memoir, letters,
and the essay, as well as in the disciplines of history and
philosophy.
 The literatures of Europe are compiled in many languages;
among the most important of the modern written works are those
in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, German,
Italian, Modern Greek, Czech, Russian, Macedonian, the
Scandinavian languages, Gaelic and Turkish.
 
Important classical and medieval European literary traditions
are those in Latin, Ancient Greek, Old Bulgarian, Macedonian, Old
Norse, Medieval French and the Italian Tuscan dialect of the
renaissance.
 Periods of European Literature

1. Old English or Anglo-Saxon (c. 450-1066)

- Encompasses the surviving literature written in Old English in
Anglo-Saxon England, in the period after the settlement of the
Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England c. 450 and "ending
 
soon after the Norman Conquest" in 1066.
Genre, elements, structures, traditions:

● epic poetry ● Bible translations

● Hagiographysermons ● chronicles
● Sermons ● Riddles
 2. Middle English literature (1066–1500)
- Middle English literature was written in many dialects that
corresponded to the region, history, culture, and background of
individual writers.

  Genre, elements, structures, traditions:

● Allegorical ● Hagiographies
● Narrative Poem ● Historiography
● Drama ● Bible Translations
● Liturgy ● Romances
● Folk Tales
 3. English Renaissance (1500–1660)
- The English Renaissance turns to be a cultural and artistic
movement.
- introduced the sonnet from Italy to England

  Genre, elements, structures, traditions:

● Romances ● Vernacular Literature
● Allegorical Narrative Poem ● Vernacular Liturgy
● Drama ● Sonnet
● Folk Tales ● Bible Translations
 4. Elizabethan period (1558–1603)
- The rise of Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney
- William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet
- Renowned Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson

  Genre, elements, structures, traditions:

● English Renaissance Theatre ● Tragedy
● Poetry ● Romances
● Epic Poem ● Tragicomedies
● Songs
 6. Late Renaissance (1625–1660)
- Rise of the second generation metaphysical poets
- The birth of allegory and classical allusions, and epic works

Genre, elements, structures, traditions:

 

● Metaphysical Poem
● Allegory And Classical Allusions
● Epic
 7. Restoration Age (1660–1700)
- the pioneering of literary criticism
- The presentation of John Milton’s religious flux and political
upheaval and his epic poem

Genre, elements, structures, traditions:

  ● sexual comedy play ● allegory
● moral wisdom prose ● novel
● literary criticism narratives ● long fiction
● epic poem ● fictional biographies
● satirical verse ● Romance fiction
● fiction and journalism ● drama
● political and economic writing ● Comedy
● philosophical themes
  
8. Age of Romanticism (1798–1837)
- originated artistic, literary, and intellectual movement in
- landscape is often prominent in the poetry of this period so much so
that the Romantics, especially perhaps Wordsworth, are often described as
'nature poets

 
Genre, elements, structures, traditions:
● Elegy ● Nature Poem
● Metrical Romance ● Romantic Poem
● Dramatic Monologue ● Poetry And Visual Arts
● Romantic Novel ● Sonnet
● Historical Novel ● Lyrical Ballad
  
9. Victorian literature (1837–1901)
- the novel became the leading literary genre in English
- Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene
- Introduction of detective novel in the English language.
- Development of science fiction novels and realistic fiction

  Genre, elements, structures, traditions:

● Horror Fiction ● Novel
● Invasion Literature ● Feminist Novels
● Short Stories ● Literary Realism
● Literature For Children ● Science Fiction
● Poetry ● Realistic Fiction
● Dramatic Monologue ● Romanticism
● Musical Burlesques ● Ghost Story
● Comic Operas ● Horror Story
  
10. Modernism (1901–2000)
- English literary modernism developed in the early twentieth-
century
- lyric poet and major novels evolved
  -maintained a conservative approach to poetry by combining
romanticism, sentimentality and hedonism.
- The emergence of British writer of the early years of the
twentieth-century Rudyard Kipling
 Genre, Elements, Structures, Traditions:
● Radio Drama
● Genre Fiction
● Fantasy
● Science Fiction
● Short Stories
● Detective Novels
● Thriller Writing
● Comic Science Fiction
● Darkly Comic Fantasy
● Children's Novels
● Modernist Poetry In English
● Conservatism
● Impressionism
● Lyric Poetry
● Feminism
● Allegorical Novel
● Television Plays
 Representative
Texts and Authors
  From Europe
Literature of The
Ancient Greece:
  
1. Oedipus the King by Sophocles
“Oedipus the King” is a tragedy by the ancient Greek
playwright Sophocles, first performed in about 429 BCE. It was
 
the second of Sophocles‘ three Theban plays to be produced,
but it comes first in the internal chronology (followed by
“Oedipus at Colonus” and then “Antigone”).
  2. England- Age of Restoration (1660–1700)
John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was
an English poet and intellectual who served as a civil servant
for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State
  and later under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of
religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for
his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), written in blank verse,
and widely considered to be one of the greatest works of
literature ever written.
  3. 17th Century Russian Literature
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (August 1828 – November 1910),
usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who is
regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time, He received multiple
nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to
 
1906 and nominations for Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1910.

Born to an aristocratic Russian family in 1828, he is best known for

the novels War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877), often cited
as pinnacles of realist fiction.
  

 
  

 
  

 
   Literary Genre

The three genres of literature are PROSE, POETRY and

DRAMA and all of them have a unique way of writing them.
PROSE is the most regular, easiest and simplest form of
  writing; you basically need no skill in writing this. It is however
written in chapters and verses that is how you recognise them.
They are also a continuous form of writing, which basically the
aim of a prose is to narrate a story.
   Prose can be of any form, but first it comes in two types,
which is the fictitious and non -fictitious, fictitious prose tends to
be more interesting, because it is the creativity of a writer that
makes people want to read a myth instead of the true story.
DRAMA on the hand is basically a style of writing that
 
portrays the actions of men, and this genre of literature comes in
dialogue and is written in scenes because it should originally
been acted on a stage, before being written down.
  

POETRY is the most difficult genre. Many people write

prose and call it poetry, however without the add-ons of
figures of speeches and literary devices, a work can never be
  considered a poem. Poetry consists the more formal metrical
structure of verse. Poetry often involves a metrical or rhyming
scheme.
   What Is Structure In A
Poem?

The structure of a poem refers to the way it is presented

to the reader. This could include technical things such as the
 
line length and stanza format. Or it could include the flow
of the words used and ideas conveyed.
    
1. Line length shows the reader how it should be read. Short
lines are usually read faster, with more emotion. Longer lines
slow down the pace of a poem. Choosing appropriate line
breaks gives a reader a chance to take a natural breath.
 
Those who write poetry pay careful attention to
elements like sentence length, word placement and even
how lines are grouped together.
  
 2. Rhythm or the beat that the poem follows. This will
typically be measured in meters (sets of syllables that are
stressed and unstressed) that the reader will sing along with.
Consider the rhythmic effect of music and the words.
  What emotions does the singer display? The notes and the
meter may be fast at first, but they may slow down later on.
This rhythm affects the message as a whole.
  
  3. Stanzas, the groups of lines, are like paragraph in
prose. They contain a central idea. Having multiple stanzas
gives readers a chance to focus on multiple ideas. Think
about a page with writing. Is it more manageable to read it
 
if all the words flow together as one paragraph or if they
are broken apart into appropriate paragraphs? The same
works with poetry.
  
   4. Consistency

Structure also refers to the consistency used throughout

the poem. An author might start each line with a certain part
 
of speech, or a repeated line or phrase is used at the same
spot in each stanza.
When a poem has a strong sense of structure, it flows from
beginning to end, and the ideas are easily conveyed.
  
 
Here is an example of rhyme in poetry.

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth (an

excerpt)
 
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
 Structure of Poetry and Its
Elements

 The Line: A line in a poem is not the same as a sentence. Just

because the words are placed in a single line, does not mean
  that the thought is complete.
As you read through a poem, and you come to the end of a
line where there is no punctuation after the last word, there is
no need to pause – navigate to the start of the next line and
continue reading.
  
  For example, in the poem Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe.
 
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know
  By the name of Annabel Lee;
 
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.
I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea,
 
  
 
SUMMARY OF LITERARY TEXT ELEMENTS

SUMMARY OF
LITERARY
 

TEXT
ELEMENTS
    Author/Literary Period
 Count Lev Nikolayevich / 17th Century Russian Literature

Representative Text
 Anna Karenina
 

Genre / Structure / Elements

 Genre: prose poetry/, written in chapters Family, Drama,
Romance, Tragedy,  
   Author/Literary Period
 Count Lev Nikolayevich / 17th Century Russian Literature

Representative Text
 Anna Karenina
 

Genre / Structure / Elements

 Genre: prose poetry/, written in chapters Family, Drama,
Romance, Tragedy,  
  
1. THEME:

● Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Russia

● The Philosophical Value of Farming
  ● The Blessings of Family Life
● Adultery
● Forgiveness
● Death
  
2. SETTING:

● Late 19th Century Moscow, Petersburg, The Russian

Countryside
  ● A time of insane amounts of intellectual
fervor and debate about what direction
Russia should take in becoming a modern nation.
  
3. CHARACTERS / CHARACTERIZATION:

● Anna Arkadyevna Karenina

➢ A beautiful, aristocratic married woman from St. Petersburg

 
whose pursuit of love and emotional honesty makes her an
outcast from society
➢ Anna’s adulterous affair catapults her into social exile, misery,
and finally suicide
 ● Alexandrovich Karenina
Anna’s husband

➢ high-ranking government minister and one of the most

important men in St. Petersburg
 
➢ is formal and duty-bound
➢ is cowed by social convention and constantly presents a
flawless façade of a cultivated and capable man Alexei
 ● Kirillovich Vronsky

➢ A wealthy and dashing military officer whose love for

Anna prompts her to desert her husband and son.
➢ Vronsky is passionate and caring toward Anna
 
➢ Was clearly disappointed when their affair forces him to
give up his dreams of career advancement
 ● Konstantin Dmitrich Levin

➢ A socially awkward but generous-hearted landowner

➢ the co-protagonist of the novel
➢ Levin’s long courtship of Kitty Shcherbatskaya ultimately
  ends in a happy marriage
➢ is intellectual and philosophical
➢ applies his thinking to practical matters such as
agriculture
 ● Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya (Kitty)

➢ A beautiful young woman who is courte by both Levin

and Vronsky, and who ultimately marries Levin
➢ Modeled on Tolstoy’s real-life wife
  ➢ Kitty is sensitive and perhaps a bit overprotected, shocked
by some of the crude realities of life
➢ displays great courage and compassion in the face of
death when caring for Levin’s dying brother Nikolai.
 4. PLOT:

● Initial Situation
➢ Anna’s life goes downhill, Levin’s goes up, and what
makes Levin happy (i.e., his famliy) is exactly what
  makes Anna miserable
● Conflict
➢ Anna meets Vronsky and starts feeling unsatisfied with
her family life
➢ Levin attempts both farming and marriage proposing, and
fails at both.
 ● Complication
➢ As Anna's dissatisfaction with her own marriage mounts, she turns
more and more to Vronsky
➢ Levin continues on his quest to resolve his existential angst through
marriage and farming
  ● Climax
➢ Anna suffers an irreparable break with Karenin and ties her fate
forever to Vronsky
➢ Levin finally gets the girl.
➢ What is Karenin going to do about his wayward wife?
➢ Levin is married, is he finally satisfied?
 ● Denouement
➢ Anna commits suicide
➢ Levin has an epiphany
  
 
● Conclusion
➢ Anna is dead
➢ Levin embraces his love for the family he's been looking
for throughout the novel.
 5. POINT OF VIEW

● Told from the perspective of an omniscient, or all-knowing

third person narrator
● The story slips into the perspective
 
● Of Anna, Vronsky, Karenin, Levin – even Levin’s Dog, Laska

6. ATMOSPHERE : TRAGIC