ENV203/GEO205: Introduction to Geography

Lecture 18

North South University ENV203/GEO205

 International Organization for
Migration

Energy Resources
 1.0 Introduction

 Abundant Reserves of Energy Resources may not be Able to Ensure Energy

Security and Sustainable Economic Growth in the Absence of Good
Governance.
 As an OPEC Member Nigeria has been Exporting more than 700 million
barrels of Petroleum per year. Per capita income US$ 800 in 1982 decrease
to US$ 300 in 2000; per capita GNI increased to US$ 930 in 2007.
 In early 2000, there was propaganda for the export of gas to Delhi via a
pipeline (Bangladesh was floating on gas) on the basis of fictitious gas
reserves. Later on from 2005 country has been suffering due to shortage of
gas.
 Since 2006 there is propaganda for sustainable extraction of coal from
Phulbari Coal Basin by open cut mining method (by a foreign company) with
opportunity to export 75% of extracted coal.
 In 2009 Government has approved PSCs with two IOCs with provision of
export of 80% of gas.

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 Due to assured supply of energy (from local and imported sources), China
and India have been maintaining high economic growth on a sustainable
basis.
 Present energy crises has resulted due to lack of attention of all previous
governments (BNP/Awami League/BNP/Caretaker)
 Major causes of energy problems:
(a) Lack of experience
(b) Frequent changes of key policy makers and decision makers;
(c ) Lack of political commitment to maintain continuity of policy;
(d) Lack of rational tariff policy;
(e) Lack of trained manpower;
(f) Lack of appropriate organizational structure & character;
(g) Corruption;
(h) Politicization of the system.
 Energy crisis cannot be solved instantly. It requires long lead time to solve it.

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 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENERGY

HISTORY:

Burning firewood was the earliest human

energy resource.

Switch to coal power in 1800’s due to

diminishing wood supplies & invention of
steam engine.

Switch to oil in 1900’s because easier to

ship, store, & burn.
 

Future Energy Source?

 
The early 1980s saw an increased concern
about conservation and development of
renewable energy resources.
 WHAT IS ENERGY?

DEFINITION:
 
Energy is a scalar physical quantity that is a property of objects and
systems which is conserved by nature.
 
Energy is often defined as the ability to do work.
 

Forms of Energy:
 
• kinetic,
• potential,
• thermal,
• gravitational,
• sound energy,
• light energy,
• elastic,
• electromagnetic,
• chemical,
• nuclear, and
• mass
 TYPES OF ENERGY

Types:
• Renewable Energy
• Non-renewable Energy
 

Renewable energy
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as
sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable
(naturally replenished)
 
Renewable : Solar, Hydropower, Biomass, Wind, Tidal, etc.
 

Non-renewable energy
Non-renewable energy is energy taken from finite resources that will
eventually becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to
retrieve, as opposed to renewable energy sources, which are naturally
replenished in a relatively short period of time.
 
Non-renewable : Oil, Gas, Coal, Nuclear power
 SOURCES OF ENERGY

About three-quarters of the

world’s commercial energy comes
from nonrenewable fossil fuels

and

the rest comes from nonrenewable

nuclear fuel and other renewable
sources.
 NON RENEWABLE ENERGY

Non renewable energy:

How it forms?

The fossil fuels were created from incomplete biological decomposition of

dead organic matter (mostly plant and marine organisms).

This occurred when buried organic matter in the absence of oxygen, was
converted by chemical reactions over millions of years to oil, natural gas
and coal.

Biological and geologic processes in various parts of the geologic cycle

produce the sedimentary rocks in which these fossil fuels are found.

- Biological Decomposition
- Absence of Oxygen
- Pressure
- Chemical Reaction
- Heat
- Geologic Process/Time
CONVENTIONAL OIL
NATURAL GAS
COAL
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy:

Sustainability mostly depends on solar energy

Direct form

from the sun

 

Indirect forms

• Wind
• Moving water
• Biomass
• Geothermal
 BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

BENEFITS:

• More decentralized, less vulnerable

• Improve national security

• Reduce air pollution

• Create jobs

• Save money
 

Renewable energy is handicapped by

• Unbalanced, intermittent subsidies

• Inaccurate pricing
 SOLAR ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY:

Efficient for high temperature, heat and electricity.

TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOLAR ENERGY:

• Solar thermal systems

• Solar thermal plant
• Solar cookers
• Photovoltaic (solar) cells
SOLAR CELLS
HYDROPOWER
 WIND ENERGY

Producing Electricity from Wind

 
Indirect form of solar energy
World’s second fastest-growing source of energy

Vast potential

Land
Offshore
WIND POWER
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

The name "geothermal" comes from two Greek words: "geo" means
"Earth" and "thermal" means "heat".
 
The centre of the Earth is around 6000 degree Celsius - hot enough to
melt rock. Even a few kilometers down, the temperature can be over
250 degree Celsius.

In general, the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 36

meters you go down.

Geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in some

countries for cooking and heating.

Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam.

Process:
• We drill holes down
• to the hot region,
• steam comes up,
• is purified and
• used to drive turbines,
• which drive electric generators.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
WHY ARE WE STILL WASTING SO MUCH ENERGY?

• Energy costs relatively little

• Lack of government support and economic incentives

• Inadequate building codes

• Inadequate appliance standards

• Lack of information about saving energy

3.0 National Energy Policy (NEP) of Bangladesh (Approved
in 1995/ Published in 1996)

 Components of National Energy Policy (1996):

• Non-Renewable Energy Policy (GSB, Petrobangla, BPC,
Local & Foreign Private Sectors).
• Petroleum Policy (Approved in 1993) (Petrobangla,
BPC, IOC, Private Sector).
• Power Policy (BPDB)
• Rural Electrification Policy (REB)
• Renewable and Rural Energy Policy (absence of
institution).
 Private Power Generation Policy 1996
• Facilitated Participation of IPPs
4.0 Revision of National Energy Policy
 No Comprehensive Review of Performance of NEP 1996 has been made up
to 2008.
 Many Draft Versions of National Energy Policy are Available:
 Draft National Energy Policy-2004 (Modifications of NEP-1996) Marginal Gas
Field Dev. Procedure to Legalize NIKO Deal.
 Draft National Energy Policy-2006 (No data on demand supply of energy).
 Renewable Energy Policy has been approved by the Government (Promoted
by Power Division) on 23-12-2008 and Published in Gazette on 04-01-2009.
 Draft Coal Policy (Version 1 to Version 8): Debate on Export & No Export of
Coal, Open cut & Underground Mining (2005-2007).
 Cabinet Advised (on 13-08-08) EMRD to Revise 8th Version.
 Lack of capability to form an Integrated National Energy Policy Consisting of
All Types of Energy Sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydro, renewable,
nuclear power) to Ensure Energy Security.
5.0 Institutional Reforms in Energy Sector
 In 1998, MOPEMR Divided in to Two Divisions:
• Energy & Mineral Resources (EMR) Division
o Hydrocarbon Unit, Attached to EMR Division.
o Petrobangla a State Owned Corporation.
o Corporatization of Petrobangla Companies (Governed under
Company’s Act 1994).
o In 2000, BAPEX Transformed to Exploration & Production (E&P)
Company.
o Participation of International Oil Companies (IOCs)
 Power Division.
 Power Cell, Attached to Power Division.
 Unbundling & Corporatization of some BPDB Units.
 Participation of Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
 BERC Established in 2003.
 7.0 Energy Situation & Future Energy Mix of Bangladesh
7.1 Importance of Energy in Economic Development
 Energy for Survival & Economic Growth
• Per capita energy consumption of Bangladesh is one of the
lowest in the world. Major portion of Energy is Consumed for
Subsistence (e.g. cooking, lighting, heating etc.) & Small Portion for
Economic Growth (e.g. agriculture, industry, transport, commerce etc). (In
developed countries higher proportion of energy is consumed
for economic growth and smaller proportion for subsistence).
 Increase in Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption is
Necessary to Increase Per Capita Gross National Income
(GNI).
7.2 Per Capita Commercial Energy and Per Capita GNI

Per Capita Commercial Energy in kgOE in 2004

Per Capita GNI in US$ in 2004

• Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption of Bangladesh is Very

Low. Due to Dependence on Non-commercial Energy the Position of
Bangladesh is Off the Correlation Curve.
• Increase in Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption is Necessary
to Increase Per Capita GNI.
 7.3 Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption &
Per Capita GNP
Per Capita Commercial Energy in kgOE

Source: Saghir & O’Sullivan 2006

Direct Correlation between per capita Energy Consumption & per capita GNI up to 1000 kgoE
per capita Energy Consumption
MNI-BPATC-SSC52 Energy-10
 7.4 Per Capital Commercial Energy Consumption &
Per Capita Commercial Energy in kgOE Human Development Index (HDI)

Source: Saghir & O’Sullivan 2006

Direct Correlation between per capita Energy Consumption & Human Development Index (0.7)
up to 1000 kgoE per capita Energy Consumption

MNI-BPATC-SSC52 Energy-10
 7.5 Energy Situation & Energy Mix in Bangladesh
Primary Energy Supply of Bangladesh in 2005
(Dependency on Indigenous & Imported Energy Sources)

Total=31.78MTOE [Per Capita=226kgOE]

Renewable Energy (Biomass & Hydro) = 53.7%
Non-Renewable Energy (NG, Oil, Coal) = 46.3%
Oil
12%
Coal
5%
BF
NG 53%
30%
Hydro
0%
Indigenous Energy (Biomass, Hydro, NG) =83.5%
Imported Energy (Coal, Oil) =16.5%
Approximate Cost of Imported Energy=$1.8 billion
7.6 Energy Situation & Energy Mix in Bangladesh
Primary Commercial Energy Supply of Bangladesh in 2005
(Dependency on Indigenous & Imported Energy Sources)

(Total=14.78MTOE) [Per Capital=105.2kgOE]

Coal
10%

Oil
26%
NG
Hydro 64%
0%
Indigenous Commercial Energy (Hydro, NG) =64.6%
Imported Commercial Energy (Coal & Oil) =35.4%
Approximate Cost of Imported Energy =$1.8 billion
Cost saved due to use of indigenous energy =$3.28billion
7.7 Future (Indicative) Energy Mix of Bangladesh
 Increase in Per Capita Energy Consumption to Increase Per Capita
GNI.
 Share of Imported Petroleum Fuels will Increase.
 Share of Non-renewable (Fossil Fuels) Energy will Increase.
 Consumption of NRE (Coal, Oil, Gas) Contribute to Green House Gas
(GHG) Emission.
 Share of Traditional Renewable (Biomassfuels) Energy will Decrease.
 Share of Conventional Renewable (Hydropower) Energy will Decrease.
 Share of New-Renewable (Solar PV, Wind power) Energy in Power
Generation will Increase but contribution will be very small.
 Renewable Energy Policy indicated that 5% of Renewable Power by
2015 & 10% by 2020 [seems unrealistic]
 Due to Technological, Financial, Geo-political & Environmental
Reasons Limited Prospect for Nuclear Power.
 8.0 The Framework of National Energy Policy
ECONOMIC (GDP) GROWTH

PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND (Domestic, Agriculture,

Industry, Commercial, Transport, Power)

ENERGY
CONSERVATION
Energy Demand=Energy Supplies(Energy Security) Energy Demand > Energy Supplies (Energy Crisis)

ENERGY
BALANCE

ENERGY SUPPLIES

INDIGENOUS ENERGY SOURCES (TRE, IMPORTED ENERGY SOURCES

Coal, Oil, NG, Hydro, Other RE) (Coal, Oil)
 8.1 Objectives of National Energy Policy of
Bangladesh (1996)

 Energy For Sustainable Economic Growth [Development of

Energy Infrastructure].
 Energy Needs of Different Zones & Socio-Economic Groups
[Development of Energy Infrastructure].
 Optimum Development of Indigenous Energy Sources
[Increase Indigenous Energy Supply]
 Sustainable Operation of Energy Utilities [Institutional &
Policy Reforms].
 Rational Use of Energy Sources [Energy Conservation and
Efficient Use].
8.1 Objectives of National Energy Policy of
Bangladesh (1996/2004)
 Environmentally Sound Energy Development [Protection & Improvement
of Environment].
 Public & Private Sector Participation [Implementation Strategies].
(Additional Objectives Included in Draft NEP of 2004)
• Electricity to all by 2020 [Development of Power Infrastructures]
• Rational Energy Tariff [Policy Reform]
• Regional Energy Market [Policy Reform & Infrastructure Development]
 Ultimate Objective of NEP is to Ensure Energy Security on a Continuing
Basis with Due Attention to Environmental Sustainability.
 Indigenous Energy Resources Provide Best Energy Security.
 It was declared in Awami Legue Election Manifesto to reach Power
Generation Capacity to 20,000MW by 2021 & be known as a Digital
Bangladesh (which would required reliable power supply)
 8.2 Achievements of National Energy Policy of Bangladesh
During last 13 years (1996-2009)
• IOCs Operate 9 PSCs in 11 Blocks (out of 23 Blocks).
• IOCs Discovered 3 Gas Fields (Shangu, Maulavibazar, Bibiyana) with
total recoverable reserve of 3.284 TCF.
• BAPEX transformed to a E&P Company with 5 Gas Fields, 2 Blocks
(8,11), 4 Blocks with IOC & JVA with NIKO.
• 11 Companies (9 gas companies & 2 mining companies) of Petrobangla
Operate Under Company’s Act.
• Power Generation by IPP (Foreign & Local).
• Separate Companies of BPDB for Power Generation, Transmission &
Distribution.
• BPC Ensures Petroleum Supply During Irrigation.
• BERC Established in 2004 under BERC Act 2003.
© BERC has Started making decisions on Energy (petroleum, gas,
electricity) Tariffs from 2008 in place of Government Administered
Tariffs.
8.3 Constraints & Barriers to Implement NEP
• No Independent Minister for MOPEMR (Prime Minister, Advisor, State
Minister).
• No Institutional Setup to Provide Continuing Policy Support to Policy
Planners and Decision Makers.
• No Political Consensus for Long-term Energy Security?
• No Gas Export in Election Manifesto but desired to export gas after election
victory.
• Third Round of Bidding (in Feb. 2008) took place without Assessment of
Experiences of First Round (1993-1996) & Second Round (1996-2001).
There is provision to export 80% of gas in third bidding round.
• Necessary to Enact Law for No Export of Energy (Gas & Coal) to Ensure
Energy Security.
• Mr. Rashed Khan Menon, MP, introduced a private members’ bill in the
Parliament on 18th February, 2010 imposing a ban on export of mineral
resources in both crude & processed form for next 50 years.
9.0 Management (Governance) of Energy Sector
 Dynamic National Energy Policy According to Framework.
 Sustainable Energy Security:
• Dynamic Action Programs for Medium & Long-Term Energy
Security are Required.
• Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) Installed for
Monitoring Short-Term (daily, yearly) Energy Security of Gas (at
Ashuganj) & Power (within DPDC office next to Secretariat).
 Environmental Dimensions of Energy Security
 Rational Tariffs for Sustainable Operation of Energy Utilities &
Development of Energy Sector.
 Improvements in Energy (primary energy & power) Efficiency.
 Balanced Development of Energy Supply Chains (exploration,
production, transmission, distribution).
 Balanced Development of Electricity Supply Chain (generation,
transmission, distribution).
9.1 Environmental Dimensions of Energy Security

 As per Environment Conservation Act & Rules it is mandatory to

undertake EIA & prepare EMP for all the development projects of
energy sector through out the fuel cycles & for the lifecycle of the
projects.
 Some examples of energy security and environment are presented
below.
o Energy Security & Localized Environmental Degradation
 Deforestation and Degradation of Soil.
 Negative Impacts Karnaphuly Hydropower Project.
 Negative Impacts Coal Mining Projects in Coal Zone.
• Energy Security & Dispersed Environmental Problems.
 Mitigation of Indoor Air Pollution.
 Reduction of Emission of Green House Gases.
 9.1.1

Global Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide has increased from 290ppm (in 1870) to 370
ppm (in 2000). Accumulation of GHG Contributes to Global Warming.
 9.1.2 Energy Use & Climate Change
• According to IPCC Increase in Global Mean Surface
Temperature of Earth by 1.5 to 6 degree centigrade between
1990 & 2100. Which will cause rise of Sea Level. IPCC is
Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with Algore.
• Kyoto Protocol 1997: Binding Commitments for Industrialized
Countries to Reduce their GHG Emission 5% below 1990 Level
by the First Commitment Period (2008-2012).
• Follow up Actions of Bali Conference (held in Dec. 2007) to
Reach Agreement for Post-2012 period by 2009.
• COP 15 Meeting held at Copenhagen in December 2009
without any decision.
• Next Meeting to be held in Mexico in 2010.
 9.1.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Different Countries
1990 (Kyoto) 1998 2000 2002
Description Ton/Capita Ton/Capita Ton/Capita Ton/Capita
Bangladesh 0.1 0.19 0.2 0.3
China 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.7
India 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.2
Nepal 0.13 0.1 0.2
Pakistan 0.6 0.74 0.8 0.7
Sri Lanka 0.2 0.43 0.6 0.5
USA 19.3 20.2 19.8 20.2
Low Income 0.7 0.69 0.8 0.8
Countries
Middle Income 2.7 5.9 3.2 3.3
Countries
High Income 11.9 13.1 12.4 12.8
Countries
World 3.3 3.87 3.8 3.9
 9.1.4 Energy Use & Climate Change
o Some People Argue that Bangladesh should Extract Coal at a Faster Rate
(by Open Cut Mining Method & Export the Extra Quantity) to Avoid
Future Restriction on Carbon Emission.
• In 2005, Extraction of Coal in China: 2150Million Tons; USA: 1250 Million
Tons & India: 460 Million Tons.
• These Three Major Coal Producing & Consuming Countries have Plan to
Extract and use of Coal at a Higher Rate at least for the Next 30 Years
(World Energy Outlook 2007).
o Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emission of Bangladesh is Very Low (0.3 tone
per year) in Comparison to World Average (3.9 tone per year). Per capita
emission of carbon dioxide cannot be a cause of restriction on the rate of
extraction & use of coal for Bangladesh. Argument to accelerate open cut
mining is motivated to support vested interests.
o Bangladesh should plan to develop coal by appropriate mining methods
to meet the energy demand of the country for the next 25 years on a
sustainable basis. Rate of extraction of coal may be gradually increased
from 1 million tone per year in 2005 to 10 Mt/yr in 2015 & 40 Mt/yr in
2020 to meet corresponding demands.
 9.2 Rational Tariffs for Sustainable Operation & Development
 Government administered tariff fixation has resulted huge deficit for the
utilities: BPC up to 2007-08: Tk. 182,827 million, BPDB up to 2008-09 : Tk.
100,780 million. Petrobangla’s deficit upto 2008: Tk. 19,050 million.

 As per PSC wellhead price of gas produced by IOCs varies between US$
2.75/MCF to US$ 2.91/MCF (Tk. 193/MCF to Tk. 204/MCF). Effective wellhead
price of IOCs gas may be about Tk. 105/mcf.

 Wellhead price of gas produced by National Companies (BGFCL, SGFL) is

arbitrarily fixed @ Tk. 7.08/MCF. BAPEX: Tk. 25/MCF. Arbitrary decisions to fix
low wellhead price for national gas has made the country more dependable on
costly gas produced by IOCs & short of gas supply by national gas companies.
 No SD & VAT on IOCs gas.
 SD & VAT on national gas @ 122.2% of cost of gas.
 Weighted average price of gas fixed by BERC from 1st August, 2009: Tk.
121.5/MCF.
 BERC’s tariff fixation has created a tax free Gas Development Fund of Tk.
6,000 million/year to be spent for Exploration & Production of gas.
 In September 2008 BERC has approved increase of bulk electricity tariff by 16%
through public hearing (for the first time in Bangladesh).
 In recent months Government has increased price of Petroleum fuels & again
decreased due to decrease of price of crude oil in International Market.
 Energy (oil, natural gas & electricity) Tariffs should be Fixed by BERC on the Basis of
Economic Rational to ensure sustainable development.

9.3 Improvements in Energy Efficiency

 Good potential to improve efficiency in each and every step of energy & power supply
chains starting from production to use. This important management issue is not easily
understood by the policy planners and decision makers.
 Possibilities of harnessing efficiency including energy use should be assessed and
implemented with all seriousness.
 Use of compact florescent lamp (CFL) & light emitting diode lamp (LEDL) have been
increasing.
9.9 Continuing Assessment of Import & Export of Energy
 Energy Import (Reduce energy import bill)
• Petroleum Import will Increase;
• Reduce Petroleum Import by promoting CNG in Transport.
• Coal Import will Decrease with the Increase of Local Coal Production.
• PGCB has signed agreement with Indian Power Grid Company Ltd. for import of
250MW electricity from India tentatively from July 2012.
• Low Prospect of Import of Electricity from (Bhutan, Nepal). Because of India’s Need
for Electricity.
• Possibility of Gas Import (if new gas not discovered) via pipeline and/or as LNG
should be considered seriously.
 Energy Export would Affect Energy Security (provision of gas export from offshore
areas).
• Increase local use of Coal; No Coal Export.
• Develop Capacity to Purchase IOC’s Share of Gas through Tariff Rationalization.
• Phasing of Coal Development & IOC’s Exploration Corresponding to Local Demand
of Coal & Gas to Avoid Export Pressure.
 Bill submitted in the Parliament to ban export of energy for next 50 years should be
enacted to ensure energy security
10.0 Sustainable Human Resources Development (HRD)

 At entry level competent professionals should be

Recruited on a regular basis.
 Training Program for Energy Managers Should be
Developed & Implemented on a Continuing Basis to
Improve the Capability of the Professionals Working at
Lower, Medium & Higher Levels of Management of
Different Energy Organizations.

MNI-BPATC-SSC52 Energy-10
10.0 Sustainable Human Resources Development (HRD)

 Considering the complex & technical nature of different factors

affecting the decision making process in energy sector, Special
Workshops & Seminars on different aspects of National Energy
Policy should be organized periodically for the Policy Planners
and Decision Makers of Energy Sector & other related sectors.

 Lack of National Capability in Handling FDI Project Proposals.

Necessary Institutional Arrangements should made to Develop
Capabilities to Assess FDI Projects.

 Separate Budget Allocation should be Made for HRD for Energy

Management.
 11.0 The Way Forward (1)
 Bangladesh located in the most energy deficit region (Asia
Pacific) of the World. Should try to meet long-term energy
security based on indigenous energy sources (Natural Gas &
Coal).

 The country has adequate reserves of Natural gas and coal to

ensure long-term energy security, provided coal & gas are not
exported & developed in synchronization with demand.

 Political consensus required for- long-term (50 Yrs) energy

security, rational energy pricing and institutional reforms.
 11.0 The Way Forward (2)
 Prepare Dynamic & Integrated National Energy Policy.
 Enact Law to Ban Export of Energy (Natural gas & Coal).
 One Minister should be responsible for MOPEMR.
 Change the Name of the Ministry from “Ministry of Power Energy & Mineral
Resources” to “Ministry of Energy & Power”.
 Reduce Corruption on Priority Basis (Ensure Good Governance).
 Demand Management of Power in a Planned Manner.
 Give Subsidy for Fuel used in Irrigation.
 Establish NAPEX by Merger of BAPEX, BGFCL, SGFL.
 Establishment of NAPEX will be more Beneficial than forming Joint Venture
Agreement with the IOCs (BAPEX-NIKO JVA).
 Activate the PSCs of Second Round of Bidding.
 Optimum Development of all Indigenous Energy Resources Including RE.
 11.0 The Way Forward (3)
 Give Priority Attention to Repair & Maintenance Projects.
 Consider Development of Nuclear Power Under Long Term Perspective.
 Sustainable Development of Energy Supply Chain.
 Sustainable Development of Electricity Supply Chain.
 Rational Tariffs for Energy .
 Special Projects to Supply Energy in Energy Deprived Areas (gas supply
to Rajshahi & Khulna Divisions).
 Special Projects to Supply Energy for the Poor.
 Encourage Public-Private Participation for Energy Sector Development.
 Capacity Development through Training (governance issues have become
knowledge intensive).
 Strategies for Energy Import.
 Strategies for Electricity Import.
 Ensure Environmental Sustainability.
 Continue Institutional Reforms to Improve Management Efficiency.