Physics

Week – 4
Force and Motion -2
And
Energy and Work-1
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Force and Motion-2

2
Topics
1. Normal Force
2. friction
3. Uniform circular motion

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 1. Normal Force:
When a body presses
against a surface, the
surface (even a
seemingly rigid one)
deforms and pushes on
the body with a normal
force, FN, that is
perpendicular to the
surface.
In the figure, forces Fg
and FN and are the only
two forces on the block (a)A block resting on a table experiences a
and they are both normal force perpendicular to the tabletop.
vertical. (b) The free-body diagram for the block.
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 2. Friction

Frictional forces are very common in our everyday lives.

Examples:
1. If you send a book sliding down a horizontal surface, the
book will finally slow down and stop.
2. If you push a heavy crate and the crate does not move,
then the applied force must be counteracted by frictional
forces.

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 If we either slide or attempt to Direction of
slide a body over a surface, attempted
the motion is resisted by a slide
bonding between the body
and the surface. 
f
The resistance is considered
to be single force called the A frictional force 
frictional force, f . This force opposes the attempter
f slide
is directed along the surface, of a body over s surface
opposite the direction of the
intended motion.

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 Frictional Force: motion of a crate with applied forces

There is no attempt at sliding. Thus,

no friction and no motion.
NO FRICTION

Force F attempts sliding but is

balanced by the frictional force. No
motion. STATIC FRICTION

Force F is now stronger but is still

balanced by the frictional force.No
motion.
LARGER STATIC FRICTION
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 Force F is now even stronger but is
still balanced by the frictional force.
No motion.
EVEN LARGER STATIC FRICTION
Finally, the applied force has
overwhelmed the static frictional force.
Block slides and accelerates. WEAK
KINETIC FRICTION
To maintain the speed, weaken force
F to match the weak frictional force.
SAME WEAK KINETIC FRICTION

fs is the static frictional force

06/26/22 fk is the kinetic frictional force
  Static frictional force acts when there is no relative
motion between the body and the contact surface
 The magnitude of the static frictional force increases as
the applied force to the body is increased
 Finally when the there is relative motion between the
body and the contact surface, kinetic friction starts to
act.
 Usually, the magnitude of the kinetic frictional force,
which acts when there is motion, is less than the
maximum magnitude of the static frictional force,
which acts when there is no motion.

06/26/22
 Properties of friction
Property 1.
If the body does not move, then the static frictional force
and the component of F that is parallel to the surface
balance each other.
They are equal in magnitude, and is fs directed opposite
that component of F.
Property 2.
The magnitude of has a maximum value fs,max that is given
by where μs is the coefficient of static friction and FN is the
magnitude of the normal force on the body from the surface.
If the magnitude of the component of F that is parallel to the
surface exceeds fs,max, then the body begins to slide along
06/26/22 the surface.
 Property 3.
If the body begins to slide along the surface, the magnitude
of the frictional force rapidly decreases to a

Value of f k given by f k  μ k F N
where μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Thereafter, during the sliding, a kinetic frictional force fk
opposes the motion.

06/26/22
 Sample Problem
If a car’s wheels are “locked” (kept from
rolling) during emergency braking, the car
slides along the road. Ripped-off bits of tire
and small melted sections of road form the
“skid marks” that reveal that cold-welding
occurred during the slide. The record for the
longest skid marks on a public road was
Reportedly set in 1960 by a Jaguar on the M1
Highay in England – the marks were 290 m
long! Assuming that μk=0,6 and the car’s
acceleration was constant during the
braking, how fast was the car going when
the wheels become locked.

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 a  - f k / m  - μ k mg/m  μ k g
where the minus sign indicates that the acceleration is in
the negative direction. Use
v 2  v 2 o  2 a( x  xo )
where (x-xo) = 290 m, and the final speed is 0.
Solving for vo,

vo  2  k g( x  xo )  58 m / s
We assumed that v = 0 at the far end of the skid marks.
Actually, the marks ended only because the Jaguar left the
road after 290 m. So v0 was at least 210 km/h.
06/26/22
 Assume that the constant acceleration a was due only to
a kinetic frictional force on the car from the road, directed
opposite the direction of the car’s motion. This results in:
-fk= ma ,
where m is the car’s mass. The minus sign indicates the
direction of the kinetic frictional force.
Calculations:
The frictional force has the magnitude f k = µ k FN , where FN
is the magnitude of the normal force on the car from the road.
Because the car is not accelerati ng vertically,
FN = mg.a  - f k / m  - μ k mg/m  μ k g

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Thus : f k  μ k FN  μ k mg
 3. Uniform circular motion:
A body moving with speed v in uniform circular motion
feels a centripetal acceleration directed towards the
center of the circle of radius R.
v2
a
R
Examples:
1. When a car moves in the circular arc, it has an acceleration that
is directed toward the center of the circle. The frictional force on
the tires from the road provide the centripetal force responsible
for that.
2. In a space shuttle around the earth, both the rider and the
shuttle are in uniform circular motion and have accelerations
directed toward the center of the circle. Centripetal forces,
causing these accelerations, are gravitational pulls exerted by
Earth and directed radially inward, toward the center of Earth.
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 A centripetal force accelerates a body by changing the
direction of the body’s velocity without changing
the body’s speed. From Newton’s 2nd Law:
V2
Fm (magnitude of centripetal force)
R
Since the speed v here is constant, the magnitudes of the
acceleration and the force are also constant.

06/26/22
 Reference.
Halliday D.; Resniick R. and Walker J. (2010). Principles Of
Physics , ninth Edition , John Wiley & SONS Inc, New York,
ISBN: 978-0-470-55653-5

06/26/22
Energy and Work-1

18
Topics
1. Kinetic Energy
2. Work
3. Work and Kinetic Energy
4. Work done by a general variable force
5. Power

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One definition:
Energy is a scalar quantity associated with the state (or
condition) of one or more objects.
Some characteristics:
1. Energy can be transformed from one type to another and
transferred from one object to another,
2. The total amount of energy is always the same (energy is
conserved).

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 1. Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy K is energy associated with the state of

motion of an object.
The faster the object moves, the greater is its kinetic
energy.
For an object of mass m whose speed v is well below the

mv 2
speed of light, 1
K
2
The SI unit of kinetic energy (and every other type of
energy) is the joule (J),

1 Joule  1 J  1 kgm 2 /s 2

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 2. Work

Work W is energy transferred to or from an object by

means of a force acting on the object.
Energy transferred to the object is positive work, and
energy transferred from the object is negative work.

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 3. Work and Kinetic energy

To calculate the work a force


does on an object as the
F moves through some
object
displacement d, we use only the
force component along the
object’s displacement.
The force component
perpendicular to the
displacement direction does zero A constant force directed at
work.  angle  to the displacement (in
For a constant force
work done W is:
F , the the x-direction) of a bead does
work on the bead.

 The only component of force
W  F .d  F .d Cos taken into account here is the x-
component.
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When two or more forces act on an object, the net work done on
the object is the sum of the works done by the individual forces.

Work-kinetic energy theorem

The theorem says that the change in kinetic energy of a particle
is the net work done on the particle.
 change in the kinetic   net work done 
    
 energy of a particle   on the particle 
ΔK = W
It holds for both positive and negative work: If the net work done
on a particle is positive, then the particle’s kinetic energy
increases by the amount of the work, and the converse is also
true.
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 Work done by gravitational force
Wg  mgd Cos
(a) An applied force lifts an object.
The object’s displacement makes an
angle  =180° with the gravitational
force on the object. The applied
force does positive work on the
object.
(b) An applied force lowers an object.
The displacement of the object
makes an angle with the gravitational
force .The applied force does
negative work on the object.
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Work done by a spring force
Hooke’s Law: To a good approximation for many
springs, the force from a spring is proportional to the
displacement of the free end from its position when the
spring is in the relaxed state. The spring force is given
by
Fs  kx
The minus sign indicates that the direction of the spring
force is always opposite the direction of the
displacement of the spring’s free end.
The constant k is called the spring constant (or force
constant) and is a measure of the stiffness of the spring.

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The net work Ws done by a spring, when it has a distortion
from xi to xf , is:
Xf Xf
1
WS   FSdx   (kx dx)  (- k)(x f2  x i2 )
X X
2
i i
1 1
 WS  k x i2  k x f2 (work by a spring force)
2 2
Work Ws is positive if the block ends up closer to the
relaxed position (x =0) than it was initially.
It is negative if the block ends up farther away from x =0.
It is zero if the block ends up at the same distance from
x= 0.
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 4. Work done by a general variable force

A. One-dimensional force, graphical analysis:

•We can divide the area under

the curve of F(x) into a number
of narrow strips of width x.

•We choose x small enough

to permit us to take the force
F(x) as being reasonably
constant over that interval.

•We let Fj,avg be the average

value of F(x) within the jth
interval.

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The work done by the force in the jth interval is approximately :
W j  F j ,avg x
 W   W j   F j ,avg x
•Wj is then equal to the area of the
jth rectangular, shaded strip
We can make the approximation
better by reducing the strip width
x and using more strips (Fig. c).
In the limit, the strip width
approaches zero, the number of
strips then becomes infinitely large
and we have, as an exact result,
xf
W  lim  F j ,avg x  x F ( x )dx
x 0 i 29
B. Three dimensional force:

If F  Fx î  Fy ĵ  F z k̂

and d r  dxî  dyĵ  dzk̂
 
Then : dW  F.d r  F dx  F dy  F dz
rf xf yf zf

Finally : W   dW  x F dx  y F dy  z F dz
x y z
r
i i i i

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Work Kinetic Energy Theorem With a Variable Force
A particle of mass m is moving along an x axis and acted
on by a net force F(x) that is directed along that axis.
The work done on the particle by this force as the particle
moves from position xi to position xf is :
xf xf
dv dv dx dv
W   Fx dx   ma dx ; but : a    v
x x dt dx dt dx
i i
vf vf
1 1
Therefore : W   mv dv  m  v dv  mv 2
 mv
2

vi vi 2 f 2 i

Then : W  ΔK 31
 5. Power
The time rate at which work is done by a force is said to be
the power due to the force.
If a force does an amount of work W in an amount of time
t, the average power due to the force during that time
interval is Pavg = W/∆t (average power )
The instantaneous power P is the instantaneous time rate
of doing work, which we can write as":
P= dW/dt (instantaneous power)
The SI unit of power : joule / second=Watt (J/S= W).
The British system: footpound per second (ft.lb/s).
Often the horsepower is used.
1 watt = 1 W = 1 J/s =0,738 ft.lb/s
1 horsepower (= 1 hp) = 550 ft.lb/s =746 W
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 
 P  F.V (instantaneous Power)

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 Sample problem: power, force, velocity:

The constant forces F1 and F2 acting on a box as the box slides

rightward across a frictionless floor. Force F1 is horizontal, with
magnitude 2.0 N; force F2 is angled upward by 60° to the floor
and has magnitude 4.0 N.
he speed v of the box at a certain instant is 3.0 m/s.
What is the power due to each force acting on the box at that
instant, and what is the net power?
Is the net power changing at that instant?
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Reference.
Halliday D.; Resniick R. and Walker J. (2010). Principles Of
Physics , ninth Edition , John Wiley & SONS Inc, New York,
ISBN: 978-0-470-55653-5

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Thank You
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