Department of Business

Administration

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
Course Code: MA-209
Program: BBA 2nd / 3rd
Credit Hours: 03
Week 4

Instructor: LAL MUHAMMAD

 Previous Lectures Summary

1. Classification of Data

2. Tabulation of Data

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Frequency
Distribution

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 LECTURE OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the concept of frequency distribution

2. To know that how the frequency distribution constructed

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 Frequency Distribution

A representation, in a tabular format, which displays the

number of observations within a given interval. The intervals
must be mutually exclusive (each score must belong to exactly
one class) and exhaustive (Including every possible element).

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 Frequency Distribution
Class Limits:
The class limit are defined as the number or the values of
the variables which describe the classes; the smaller number
is the lower class limit and the larger number is the upper
class limit.
For Example: the classes 10 – 14, 15-19, 20-24 have class
limits as 10.0-14.9, 15.0-19.9, 20.0-24.9

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 Frequency Distribution
Class Boundaries:
The class boundaries are the precise numbers which
separate one class from others. The selection of these
numbers remove the difficulty, if any, in knowing the class
to which a particular value should be assigned. A class
boundaries is located in the midway between upper class
limit and lower class limit of the next higher class.
e.g. 9.5-14.5, 14.5-19.5, 19.5-24.5 or we can write as 9.95-
14.95, 14.95-19.95, 19.95-24.95

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 Frequency Distribution
Class Mark:
A class Mark also called midpoint, is the number which
divides each class into two parts.
We can calculate the class marks by adding upper and lower
limit and divide it by two will give us midpoint of the class
or class mark.

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 Frequency Distribution
Class Width or Interval:
The class-width or interval of a class is equal to the
difference between the class boundaries. It may also be
obtained by finding the difference either between two
successive lower limits or between two successive class
marks.
The lower limit should not be subtracted from its upper
limit to get the class interval.
Class width can find by dividing range / no of classes.

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 Question

How do we construct a
frequency distribution
table?

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Construction of Frequency Distribution
1. Decide on the number of class into which the data are to
be grouped.
2. Determine the Range of variation in the data
3. Divide the range of variation by number of classes
4. Decide where to locate the class limit
5. Determine the remaining class limit
6. Distribute the data into the appropriate classes.
7. Finally, total the frequency column

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Construction of Frequency Distribution
Decide on the number of class into which the data are to be grouped

Statistical Experts tells us that the number of classes must be between 5 and 20.

Don’t use too many class and also too few class because it violates the purpose
of data condensation.

H.A Sturge proposed an empirical rule for determining the number of class. The
rule is

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Construction of Frequency Distribution
Determine the Range of variation in the data

It is the difference between highest value and lowest value in the data.

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Construction of Frequency Distribution
Divide the range of variation by number of classes

To determine the approximation width or size of the equal class interval.

In practice intervals that are multiple of 5 or 10 are commonly used as people

can understand easily.

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Construction of Frequency Distribution
Decide where to locate the class limit

The lowest class usually starts with the smallest data value or a number of less
than it.

It will be better if its is the multiple of class interval.

Find the upper class boundary by adding the width of the class interval to the
lower class boundary and write down the upper class limit too.

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Construction of Frequency Distribution
Determine the remaining class-limits and class boundaries

by adding the class interval repeatedly. The lowest class should be placed at the
top and rest should follow according to the size.

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Construction of Frequency Distribution
Distribute the data into appropriate classes

This is best done by using a “ Tally Column”. Where values are tabulated
against appropriate classes by merely making short bars or tally marks to
represent.

Count the tally marks and write the number in frequency table.

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Construction of Frequency Distribution
Finally, total the frequency column

Total the frequency column to find that all the data has been entered in the
frequency distribution table.

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 Let’s Try!!!
Ages of 50 men randomly selected from a
population who died in gunfire are given.
Construct a frequency distribution table
having 7 classes.

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19 18 30 40 41 33 73 25
23 25 21 33 65 17 20 76
47 69 20 31 18 24 35 24
17 36 65 70 22 25 65 16
24 29 42 37 26 46 27 63
21 27 23 25 71 37 75 25
27 23
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Determine the Number of Classes
k = 1 +3.3 log N

K = 1+ 3.3 log 50

K= 6.61 7 classes

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Determine the range.

R = Highest Value – Lowest Value

R= 76 – 16 = 60

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Find the class width (c).

60
𝑐= = 8.57 =9
7

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Write the classes starting with lowest score.

Classes Tally Marks Freq.

70 – 78
61 – 69
52 – 60
43 – 51
34 – 42
25 – 33
16 – 24

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Classes Class Tally Fre x
boundaries Marks q.

70 – 78 69.5 – ///// 5 74
78.5
61 – 69 60.5 – ///// 5 65
69.5
52 – 60 51.5 – 0 56
60.5
43 – 51 42.5 – 51.5 // 2 47
34 – 42 33.5 – 42.5
/////-// 7 38
/////-/////- 14 29
25 – 33 24.5 – 33.5 //// 17 20
/////-/////-
16 – 24 15.5 – 24.5 /////-//
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Using Table:
What is the lower class limit of
the highest class? Upper class
limit of the lowest class?
Find the class mark of the class
43 – 51.
What is the frequency of the
class 16 – 24?
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 Thanks
End of Lecture 1

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