CHAPTER I: Principle of Stress

•Normal Stress: Definition

•Concentric and Eccentric Loading
•Shearing Stress: Definition
•Bearing Stress: Definition
•Stress on An Oblique Plane
•Design Considerations: Factor of Safety
 Normal Stress: Definition

•The internal force represents

the resultant of elementary
forces distributed over the entire
area A (the area of the cross
section). Therefore, we write:

P
  .....(1)
A
Units : ( N )  Pa
(m2 )
 Normal Stress: Definition

•STRESS: Force/unit area or intensity of the

forces distributed over a given section. Positive
sign indicates a tensile stress and negative sign
indicates a compressive stress.
•Units of stress (SI metric)
1000 Pa = kPa
106 Pa = MPa
109 Pa = GPa
 Normal Stress: Definition

F
  lim
A
A  0
 Normal Stress: Definition

•In general, the value obtained

for the stress () at a given point
Q of the section is different from
the value of the average stress
given by formula (1).
•The normal stress varies across
a section in a slender rod
subjected to equal and opposite
concentrated loads P&P’.

•The variation in stress is quite noticeable in the neighborhood of

points of application and small at the section away of these points.
 Concentric and Eccentric Loading

Eccentric
Loading

Concentric
Loading
 Concentric and Eccentric Loading

•For axially and concentrically loaded members the normal

stress will be considered or assumed uniformly distributed.
However, if a two-force member is loaded axially, but
eccentrically, as shown, the stress distribution cannot be
uniform, nor can the distribution of stress be symmetric.
 Shearing Stress: Definition

•Shearing stress are commonly found in bolts, pins,

and rivets and used to connect various structural
members.

•Let us consider the loading

of member AB. The
transverse forces P&P’1 C
produce a shearing forces at
the section passing point C.
Therefore, we write:
 Shearing Stress: Definition

V P
   ...........( 2)
ave A A
•Contrary to what is said about
normal stress, the distribution of
shearing stresses () across the
section cannot be assumed
uniform. The actual distribution of
the shearing stress varies from
 max to  min.
Shearing Stress: Definition

min

max 

ave
 Shearing Stress: Definition

Single
Shear

V F
   ........( 2A )
ave A A
 Shearing Stress: Definition

Double
Shear

V F
   .........( 2B )
ave A 2 A
 Bearing Stress: Definition
•Bolts, pins, and rivets create stresses in the members they connect, along
the bearing surface, or surface of contact. Consider the two plates shown:
 Bearing Stress: Definition

•Since the distribution of forces on the bearing

surface and of the corresponding stress is quite
complicated, an average nominal value (b) of the
stress, called bearing stress is used. The bearing
stress(b) is obtained by dividing the load F by the
projection of the rivet on the plate section.
Therefore, we write:

F P
   .............( 3 )
b A td
 Stress on An Oblique Plane

Axial forces exerted on a

two-force member were
found to cause normal
stresses in that member,
while transverse forces
exerted on pins and rivets
were found to cause shearing
stresses in those connections.
However, axial forces would
cause axial and shearing
stresses on planes which are
not perpendicular to the
axis.
 Stress on An Oblique Plane

Consider the two-force member,

which is subjected to axial forces P
and P’. If we pass a section forming
an angle  with the normal plane
and draw the FBD of the portion of
the member located to the left of
that section, we can write two
equilibrium equations:
F = P Cos  V = P Sin 
Since  = F/A and  = V/A
where A = Ao/Cos 
Hence:

P P
 Cos 2   SinCos
Ao Ao
 Stress on An Oblique Plane

Note that  is maximum at  = 0 whereas  is maximum at  =

45o. Hence:
P P
   
2A 2A
45o m
o o
 Design Considerations: Factor of Safety
Ultimate Strength: The largest stress which may be applied to the
specimen and after which either it breaks or begins to carry less stress
(u). It is defined as the ultimate load divided by the cross sectional area
of the specimen. There are several procedures to determine the ultimate
strength of a material.

Ultimate Normal Strength

Pu
u  where  u is the Ultimate Normal Strength
A

Tu Pu

Necking
Plugging

Tu Pu
 Design Considerations: Factor of Safety

Ultimate Shearing Strength: Determined by different procedures.

Pu Pu

Double Shear Single Shear

Vu
u  where  u is the Ultimate Shearing Strength
A

Ultimate Bearing Strength

Pu ,b
 u ,b  where  u ,b is the Ultimate Bearing Strength
A
 Design Considerations: Factor of Safety
The structural member must be designed so that its ultimate load is
considerably larger than the load the member or component will be allowed
to carry under normal condition of utilization. This smaller load is referred
to as the allowable or working or design load. The ultimate load (stress) is
reduced to the allowable load by the Safety Factor, defined as:

Ulitmate Load or Stress

Factor of Safety 
Allowable Load or Stress
The factor of safety ranges from 1.5 to 3 for most engineering applications.
The selection of the appropriate Factor of Safety requires engineering
judgment based on many considerations such as:
(1) Variation in material properties (2) Fatigue Load
(3) Type of Loading: Static.. Dynamic (4) Type of Failure: Sudden, Gradual

(5) Uncertainty in Analysis Methods (6) Material’s Deterioration

(7) Importance of Designed Member
 Example
For the shown Frame System { } , Find:
A. Maximum Normal Stresses in rod BC and Boom AB.
B. Maximum Shearing Stress on the bolts at A, B, and C.
C. Bearing stress at bracket A and rod AB at A.

Solution:
Determine forces in each member.
Consider Joint B, and apply equilibrium
conditions, yields: F = -40 kN F = + 50 kN
AB BC

joint
Example
 Example

Solution:

A. Normal Stress
Rod BC: FBC = + 50 kN

Main
Part

End Part

max = 167 MPa

 Example

A. Normal Stress
Rod AB: FBA = -40 kN

Note: The cross sectional area occupied by the bolts is subtracted

from the gross area of the section when computing normal tensile stress
since stress does not transfer through the hole which host the bolt.

TENSION COMPRESSION
 Example

B. Shearing Stress

Bracket C:
2
 25 
A  r     491 mm 2  491x10 6 m 2
2

 2 
P 50x10 3 N
 ave   6 2
 102 MPa
A 491x10 m

Bracket A:
P 20x10 3 N
 ave   6 2
 40.7 MPa
A 491x10 m
 Example

PG 25x10 3 N
Bracket B:  ave   6 2
 50.9 MPa
A 491x10 mm

C. Bearing Stress
P 40x10 3 N
In member AB at A: b    53.3 MPa
td ( 30 mm) (25 mm)

P 40x10 3 N
In Bracket at A: b    32 MPa
td (50 mm) (25 mm)
Example
 Example
Two wooden planks (20 mm thick) are joined by the glued mortise joint
shown. If the allowable shearing strength of the glue is 820 kPa, determine
the smallest length d to withstand an axial load of 7000 N.

20 mm
150 mm
20 mm

Solution:-
The shearing force to which the glue is subjected equals to P/7.
Hence, V = 7000/7=1000 N.
Since all = 820,000 Pa, then A = 1000/820,000 = 12.2 x 10-4 m2
But, A = 0.02 d, from which d = 60 mm.
 Example
A load P is applied to a steel rod
40 mm
supported as shown by an aluminum
plate into which a 15 mm-diameter hole 10 mm
has been drilled. If all is not to exceed 6 mm
125 and 70 MPa in steel and aluminum,
respectively, determine the largest P that 15 mm
can be applied.
Solution:-
Shear Force on steel and Aluminum = P
Since all,S = 125 MPa, then
P1 =  (0.015)*(0.01) *125x106 = 58.9 kN
Similarly,
P1 P2
all,Al = 70 MPa
P2 =  (0.040)*(0.006)*70x106 = 52.8 kN

Pmax = 52.8 kN