PRODUCTION LOGGING

Logging :
The process of continuous recording of parameters w.r.t depth that is to obtain
comprehensive information about formations in the bore hole by lowering the
tool.
Production logs are used to evaluate:
• Fluid production and movement both inside and outside of the casing
downhole
• Monitoring of formation fluid contacts
• Cement monitoring
 Temperature Logging
• Used to locate fluid movement downhole.
• Small entries and even flow in channels behind pipe can be detected.
• Indicate fluid leaks in a well.
These leaks may came from casing or between rock layers behind the casing.
Some of the typical applications of temperature profiling includes:
• Locating the top of cement behind casing. As cement sets, it releases heat
which can be recognized as anomaly of temperature profile.
• Detecting fluid cross-flow in both producing and shut down wells. Leaks in
borehole casing can lead to mixing as fluids from different reservoir layers
came into contact
• Detecting fluid leaks:
Fluids can seep into or out of the production
string and production profile will show drop
in temp related to both the vol and temp of the
leak.
• Monitoring free gas entry into the
wellbore.
The temp profile will show an
anomaly cooling effect which depends
on gas temp and vol.
Caliper Log
• Caliper tools measure hole size and shape.
• The simple mechanical caliper measures a vertical profile of hole diameter.
• The more sophisticated geometry tools records two simultaneous calipers and
give an accurate borehole shape and orientation.
Caliper log showing hole Diameter
and some Typical Responses
• The caliper log simply is a measure of continuous value of hole
diameter with depth.

• The curve is traditionally a dashed line.

• The horizontal scale is in inches of diameter expressed as increase or

decrease in hole diameter about a zero defined by the bit size.

• The ordinary caliper log is accompanied by a reference line

indicating bit size.
Four-arm caliper interpretation

 More information can be found by dual(4-arm) caliper than simple caliper tool.

 A hole can be seen to be “on gauge” and round, or “washed out” and oval, or enlarged
by “key seat”. When oval, the direction of enlargement can be given.

 However, much more can be interpreted from borehole shape.

In Gauge:
A hole that has the same size as the bit which
drilled it. They indicates good drilling
techniques.
Breakouts:

Consider to form as a result of the

interaction of stresses induced by drilling
and the existing stress regime of the
formations rock.
Key-seats:

Unequal oval hole, formed by wear against the

drill string at points where the borehole
inclination changes(doglegs).
Washouts:

Develop from general drilling wear, especially

in shaly zones. On the geometry logs, it has a
considerable vertical extent and both calipers
are larger than the drill bit size with one caliper
being much larger than other.

Washout enlargement can be caused by:

• excessive bit jet velocity
• soft or unconsolidated formations
The Spontaneous Potential (SP) Log
 SP log

• The spontaneous potential log is a record of direct current (DC) voltage

differences between the naturally occurring potential of a moveable
electrode in the well bore, and the potential of a fixed electrode located at
the surface.
OR
• It is the measurement of natural potential difference or self potential , between
electrode in a bore hole and reference electrode at surface.
• It is measured in millivolts.
The spontaneous potential log (SP) measures
the natural or spontaneous potential difference
that exists between the borehole and the surface
in the absence of any artificially applied
current.
Principle of Measurement
Three factors are necessary to provoke SP current:
• A conductive borehole fluid (i.e., a water based mud).
• Porous and permeable bed surrounded by impermeable bed.
• Difference in salinity between bore hole fluid and formation fluid.
 General Uses
• The SP log is used to identify impermeable zones such as shale, and
permeable zones such as sand.
• Determination of formation water resistivity Rw.
• Calculation of the volume of shale in permeable beds.
Measurement Tools
• The tool is extremely simple.
• SP log consists of an electrode that
is suspended in the bore hole.
• Another electrode that is fixed on
the surface.
• A voltmeter that measure the
potential difference b/w bore hole
electrode and ground electrode.
• When mud filtrate salinities are lower than
formation water i.e Rmf>Rw so SP
deflection will be to left called normal or
negative response.

• When mud filtrate salinities are more than

formation water i.e Rmf<Rw . SP response
deflect to right this is called positive or
reverse response.

• When Rmf=Rw, then there is no Sp

response.
How to Read:

• In sand A, Rw is less than Rmf; i.e., formation water is

saltier than the mud filtrate.

• In sand B, the SP deflection is less than in sand A,

indicating a fresher formation water.

• In sand C, the SP is reversed, indicating formation water

that is fresher than the mud filtrate (Rw > Rmf).

• We may guess that, at about 7000 ft, Rmf and Rw are

equal.
Shale Base Line

The definition of SP zero is made on thick shale intervals where SP does

not move to the left or right is called shale base line.

• However, the SP log is quite sensitive, and even a small deflection in the
SP log indicates that the bed has reasonable permeability.

• It should be noted that some permeable beds might give no deflection,

such as those where there is no difference in salinity between the
formation fluids and the mud filtrate.
Shale Base Line

• The SP response of shales is relatively

constant and follows a straight line called a
shale baseline.

• SP curve deflections are measured from this

shale baseline.

• Permeable zones are indicated where there

is SP deflection from the shale baseline.
If layer is thick, deflection is maximum

If layer is thin, the curve is recorded as narrow

peak .