TECHNIQUES OF

CHAPTER 6
INTEGRATION
CHAPTER 6

Integration by parts

Approximate integration
 Trapezoidal rule
 Simpson’s rule

Improper integrals
 Infinite intervals
 Discontinuous Intervals
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Examples.
1. // u = lnx, dv = dx
2. // u = 3x+1, dv = sin2xdx
3. // u = lnx, dv = (x2+1)dx
4. // u = x2, dv = exdx
5. // u = x2 + 1, dv = e-3xdx
6. // u = ex, dv = sinxdx

LOGARIT – ĐA THỨC – LƯỢNG GIÁC - MŨ

IMPROPER INTEGRALS

Type 1: infinite intervals

,,

Type 2: discontinuous Integrands

TYPE 1
TYPE 1. EXAMPLE 1

Consider the improper integral

By computer:  95.07802666
 992.7843924
 2991.686446
Guess:   // diverges
TYPE 1. EXAMPLE 2

Consider the improper integral

By computer:  0.7753984965
 0.7843981635
 0.7850648295
Guess:  a number // converges
 CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT


The improper integrals a
f ( x) dx is called:

 Convergent (hội tụ) if the corresponding limit exists.

 Divergent (phân kì) if the limit does not exist.

TYPE 1.

p > 1: converges
p  1: diverges

Important for future reference

 IMPROPER INTEGRAL OF TYPE 2
•If f is continuous on [a, b) and is discontinuous at b, then
• b t
a
f ( x) dx  lim  f ( x) dx
t b a

•if this limit exists (as a finite number).

TYPE 2. EXAMPLE
TYPE 2. DO YOURSELF
COMPARISON WITH

 =  divergent
COMPARISON. DO YOURSELF
APPROXIMATE INTEGRATION

Trapezoidal rule
Simpson’s rule
 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
The area of the trapezoid that lies above
the i th subinterval is:
 f ( xi 1 )  f ( xi )  x
x   [ f ( xi 1 )  f ( xi )]
 2  2

Trapezoidal rule
// add up all areas
b

a
f ( x) dx  Tn 
x
  f ( x0 )  2 f ( x1 )  2 f ( x2 ) ...  2 f ( xn1)  f ( xn ) 
2
 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
Instead of using rectangles as
we did in the arches problem,
we'll
use trapezoids (trapeziums)
and we'll find that it gives a
better approximation to the
area.
The approximate area under
the curve is found by adding
the area of all the trapezoids.
(Recall that we write "Δx" to
mean "a small change in x".)
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE. EXAMPLE

The function f is continuous on [3, 10] and has values

given in the table below.
Using the intervals [3, 5], [5, 8], [8, 10], find the
trapezoidal approximation of

x 3 5 8 10
f(x) 17 12 3 -7
SIMPSON’S RULE
This is called Simpson’s Rule—after the English mathematician
Thomas Simpson (1710–1761).

b x
a
f ( x) dx  S n 
3
[ f ( x0 )  4 f ( x1 )  2 f ( x2 )  4 f ( x3 )

 ...  2 f ( xn  2 )  4 f ( xn 1 )  f ( xn )]
where n is even and ∆x = (b – a)/n.
 SIMPSON’S RULE
In Simpson's Rule, we will use parabolas to approximate
each part of the curve. This proves to be very efficient
since it's generally more accurate than the other
numerical methods we've seen.
 SIMPSON’S RULE

http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica_/numerico/i
ntegral/simpson.html
 MEMORY AID
We can re-write Simpson's Rule by grouping it as follows:
SIMPSON’S RULE
SUMMARY

Integration by parts

Approximate integration
 Midpoint rule
 Trapezoidal rule
 Simpson’s rule

Improper integrals
 Infinite intervals
 Discontinuous Intervals