MATH6082 -

CALCULUS I
Topic 1
Preliminaries
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted

from:
Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell,
Steve Rigdon. 2007. Calculus.
Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-
0132306331.

Chapter 0

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 Learning Objectives

LO 1 : 
Explain the basic concepts and principles of
differential and integral calculus of real functions
of one variable.

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 Content

1 • Real Numbers
2 • Inequalities and Absolute Values
3 • The Rectangular Coordinate System
4 • Function and Their Graphs
5 • Operations on Functions
6 • Trigonometric Functions

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REAL NUMBERS
 Real Numbers
• Real numbers are numbers that can be expressed as decimals, such as

• The real numbers can be represented geometrically as points on a number line called the
real line.

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 Type of Real Numbers
• The set of real numbers is denoted by
• There are several types of subsets of real numbers.
• The set of natural numbers: .
• The set of integers: .
• The set of rational numbers:

• The set of irrational numbers

 Repeating and Nonrepeating
Decimal
• Every rational number can be written as a repeating decimal

• The decimal representations of irrational numbers do not repeat in cycles

 Denseness
• Between any two different real numbers and , there is another real
number.

• Between any two distinct real numbers, there both a rational number
and an irrational number.
 Order
• We define the order relation for real numbers as follows:
if and only if is positive
• To say that means that is to the left of on the real line
(geometrically).
• if and only if is positive or zero.
• If we can write .
INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUES
Rules for Inequalities

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Types of Interval

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 Solving Inequalities
We perform certain operation on both sides of inequality without
changing its solution set:
1. Add the same number to both side of an inequality.
2. Multiply both sides of inequality by the same positive.
3. Multiply both sides by the same negative number, but then we must
reverse the direction of the inequality sign.
 The Procedure
• Transforming the inequality one step at a time until the solution set is
obvious.
• General procedure of the rational inequality.
• Inequality involving absolute values.
 Example 1

Solve and show their solution sets on the real

line.
Solution
Multiply both sides by 3:
Add x to both sides:
Subtract 3 from both sided:
Divide by 7:

The solution set is the open interval (-3/7,∞)

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 Example 2(1/2)
Solve the inequality
Solution
• Find the domain of the functions on both sides

• Move all terms in one side to another side

• Simplify the nonzero terms

 Example 2 (2/2)
• Factorize or find all roots of the numerator and denominator:

• Determine the sign on the real line:

• Write the solution set:

 Absolute Value
• The absolute value of a real number is denoted by .
• The absolute is defined by
if ,
if
• Example: .
 Example 3(1/4)
Solve the inequality .
Solution
• if ,
• if
• if
• if
• Divide into three intervals :
 Example 3(2/4)
• Interval I:

• and

• The solution on the interval I is

 Example 3(3/4)
• Interval II:

• and

• The solution on the interval II is

 Example 3(4/4)
• Interval III:

• and
• Th
• The solution on the interval III is
• The solution of is
Absolute Value Properties

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Absolute Value Intervals

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 Example 4
Solve the inequality .

Solution

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 The Square Root
• Let . The square root of is denoted by
• The square root is defined as the non-negative real number such that .
• Example: .
• Note that .
• if and only .
 Quadratic Formula
• The solutions to the quadratic equation are given by

• The number is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.

• Exercise: Find the solution of
 Absolute inequality property
• If and are real numbers, then

• The sign can be replaced by or .

• Exercise: Solve the inequality
THE RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Cartesian Coordinates
Quadrants
 Slopes of Lines
DEFINITION. Slope
Let L be a non-vertical line in a coordinate plane. If P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) are any two
distinct points on L, then the slope of is

The slope of a vertical line is undefined.

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 Equations of Nonvertical Lines
Point-Slope Form of an Equation of a Line
An equation of the line passing through
the point P1(x1,y1) and having slope m is

Slope-Intercept Form of an Equation

of a Line
An equation of the line with slope m and
y-intercept b is

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 Example 5
Find an equation of the line passing through the points (-1,-2) and (2,3)

Solution
We first calculate the slope of the line, obtaining

Then, we have

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 The General Equation of a Line
• An equation of the form

where , and are constants and and are not both zero, is called the general linear
equation.
• The graph of the general linear equation is always a line.
• The equation of any line can be put in this form.

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 Parallel Lines
THEOREM
Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope and different -
intercept.

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 Perpendicular Lines
THEOREM
Two non-vertical lines L1 and L2 with
slopes m1 and m2, respectively, are
perpendicular if and only if m1m2 = -1
or, equivalently, if and only if

Thus, the slope of each is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the other.

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 Example 6 (1/2)
Find an equation of the line that passes through the point (6,7) and is perpendicular to the
line with equation 2x + 3y = 12.

Solution
First we find the slope of the given line by rewriting the equation in the slope-intercept
form:

From this we see that its slope is . Since the required line is perpendicular to the given line,
its slope is

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 Example 6 (2/2)
Therefore, using the point-slope form of an equation of a line with m = 3.2and P1(6,7), we
obtain the required equation as

or

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FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
 Definition of a Function
DEFINITION
A function from a set A to a set B is a rule that assigns to each element in A one and only
one element y in B.

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 The Domain and the Range
• Let be a function from a set to a set .
• The set is called the domain of .
• The set is called the codomain of .
• If is a real valued function of single variable , then the domain is the set of all
possible -values which will make the function "work", and will output real -values.
• The set of all possible output real -values is called the range of
 Example 7:
Finding the Domain of a Function
Find the domain of

Solution
• Since division by zero is prohibited and the denominator of f(x) is
equal to zero if x2 - x - 2 = (x - 2)(x + 1) or x = 2 or x = -1.
• we conclude that the domain of f is the set of all numbers except -
1 and 2. Equivalently, the domain of f is the set (-∞,-1) U (-1,2) U
(2,∞).

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Basic Quadratic Graphs
Basic Cubic Graphs (1/2)
Basic Cubic Graphs (2/2)
Basic Quadratic and
Cubic Graphs
 Example 8: Piecewise Defined
Functions
Sketch the graph of the function

Solution

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 Even Functions
• A function that satisfies for every in its domain is called an even
function.
• The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the x-
axis.
• An example of an even function is , since

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The Graph of An Even Function
 Odd Functions

• A function that satisfies for every in its domain is called an odd

function.
• The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the
origin.
• An example of an even function is , since

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The Graph of An Odd Function
Vertical and Horizontal
Translations (1/2)

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Vertical and Horizontal
Translations (2/2)

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Vertical and Horizontal Stretching
and Compressing (1/2)

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 Vertical and
Horizontal Stretching
and Compressing (2/2)

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OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
 Operation on Functions
• Let and be two real functions.
Operation function Domain
 Example
• Consider function and with formulas
 Composition of Functions
Given two functions g and f, the composition of and , denoted by is the function defined
by

The domain of g ◦ f is the set of all x in the domain of f for which f(x) is in the domain of g.

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 Example
• Let and

• The domain of is
• The domain of is
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The Trigonometric Functions
Based on Right Triangles

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 The General Trigonometric
Functions
• We define the trigonometric functions based on the unit circle.
• The unit circle is the circle with radius 1 and center at the origin:
 Definition of Sine and Cosine
Function
• Let be a real number that determines the point as indicated in the
unit circle.
Then

• When we trace the circle in a clockwise direction from point .

Trigonometric Identities

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The Trigonometric Functions Of
Certain Angles

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Radian Measure of Angles

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Periodic Function

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 References
Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007. Calculus. Prentice Hall.
ISBN: 978-0132306331.

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