Short Course on

Geotechnical Engineering
Hotel Aston, Bandung, 11-12 April 2012

Bigman Marihat Hutapea

KK Geoteknik FTSL-ITB
 Topic
• Review Stresses and Strains
• Constitutive Relationship
• Non-linear Elastic Model for Soil
• Yielding, Hardening, and Flow Rule
• Elastic-Plastic Model for Soil
• Critical State Line
• Modified Cam-Clay Model for Soil

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 2

 Stresses

Z bidang Z (+) Z
𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜏𝑧𝑦
𝜏𝑧𝑦
𝜏𝑧𝑥 bidang Y (+) 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥 Y 𝜏𝑦𝑧 Y
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑥 O
O

X X

bidang X (+)

CM: tension + SM and RM: compression +

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 3

 Equilibrium Derivations
Z 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝜏𝑧𝑥 + ൬൰
𝜕𝑧 2
dy
dx
𝜕𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜎𝑥 + ൬
− ൰
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥 + ൬
− ൰
𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦 P 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜏𝑦𝑥 + ൬ ൰
𝜕𝑦 2
dz
Y Asumsikan bahwa
𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜎𝑧 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧 &𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑧 bekerja pada titik P (yaitu
𝜏𝑧𝑥 + ൬
− ൰ titik berat kubus)
𝜕𝑧 2
X
𝜕𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜎𝑥 + ൬ ൰
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧

+ + + 𝑋 = 0 ሺ= 𝜌. 𝑢ሷ
ሻ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧
+ + + 𝑌 = 0 ሺ= 𝜌. 𝑢ሷ
ሻ(2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑧𝑧
+ + + 𝑍 = 0 ሺ= 𝜌. 𝑢ሷ
ሻ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
dynamics
BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 4
 Principal Planes and Stresses
𝜎𝑦 𝜎1

Y 𝜏𝑥𝑦
tegangan – tegangan
2D 𝜎𝑥 utama
X

𝜎2

3D Location of Principal Plane in 3-D

C
𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑥 σ normal to
𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑦 surface ABC
𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥 Y
O 𝜏𝑧𝑦 B
𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜎𝑧𝑧
A
X

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 5

 Principal Stresses
𝜎 3 − 𝜎 2 ൫𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 ൯+ 𝜎൫𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 2 ൯
− ൫𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 − 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2 − 𝜎𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 ൯= 0

𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 𝜎 − 𝐼3 = 0
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧

𝐼2 = 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 2

𝐼3=𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 − 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2 − 𝜎𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2

𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑖 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 li 0
൭ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑖 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ൱൭mi൱= ൭0൱
𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎𝑖 ni 0

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 6

 Octahedral Stresses

3
Z (3) ሬറ(𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛)
𝑁
𝜎3
1 1 1
± ,± ,±
𝜎1 ξ3 ξ3 ξ3
1

𝜎2 X (1)
2 Koordinat sistem seperti ini
menggambarkan octahedral planes
Y (2)

𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = 𝜏𝑥 ′ = ට 𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ 2 + 𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑧 ′ 2

1
𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 = ඥ(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2
3
1 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 − 2𝜎3
tan ∝ = ൬ ൰
ξ3 𝜎1 − 𝜎2

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 7

 π-plane

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 8

 Deformations and Strains
bentuk awal

bentuk setelah mengalami deformasi

akibat gaya-gaya F1, F2, F3 & F4

y,v

𝜕𝑢
u 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣
D’ 𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 𝜀𝑚 . 𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝑒𝑖𝑗
𝑣+ 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦

D
C
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧 𝐼𝜀1
B’ 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎: 𝜀𝑚 = = 𝜀𝑜𝑐𝑡 =
β1 3 3
𝜕𝑣
𝑣+ 𝑑𝑥
β2
𝜕𝑥
2
dy
𝛾𝑜𝑐𝑡 = ඥ(𝜀1 − 𝜀2 )2 + (𝜀2 − 𝜀3 )2 + (𝜀3 − 𝜀1 )2
u
3
v v

B
A dx 𝜕𝑢
𝑢+ 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥

x,u
BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 9
 • Elasticity

• Yielding

• Hardening

• Flow Rule

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 10

 Linear – non Linear
Elastic

ሺ1 − 𝜐ሻ𝐸 𝜐𝐸 𝜐𝐸
‫ۍ‬ 0 0 0 ‫ې‬
ሺ1 ‫ێ‬
+ 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐) ሺ1 + 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐) ሺ1 + 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐)
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜀‫𝑥𝑥ۑ‬
‫𝐸𝜐 ێ‬ ሺ1 − 𝜐ሻ𝐸 𝜐𝐸
𝜎𝑦𝑦 ‫ۗۓ‬ 0 0 0 𝜀‫ۗۓ 𝑦𝑦ۑ‬
ۖ ۖ ሺ1 ‫ێ‬
+ 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐) ሺ1 + 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐) ሺ1 + 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐) ۖ‫ۖ ۑ‬
𝜎𝑧𝑧 ‫𝐸𝜐 ێ‬ 𝜀‫𝑧𝑧ۑ‬
𝜏 = 𝜐𝐸 ሺ1 − 𝜐 ሻ𝐸 𝜀
‫ۘ 𝑦𝑥 ۔‬ ‫ێ‬ 0 0 0 ‫ۘ 𝑦𝑥ۑ ۔‬
ۖ 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ۖ ሺ1 ‫ێ‬
+ 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐) ሺ1 + 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐) ሺ1 + 𝜐ሻ(1 − 2𝜐) ۖ 𝜀‫ۖ 𝑧𝑦ۑ‬
𝜏‫ۙ 𝑥𝑧 ە‬ ‫ ێ‬0 0 0 2𝐺 0 0 𝜀‫ۙ 𝑥𝑧ۑە‬
‫ ێ‬0 0 0 2𝐺 0 0 ‫ۑ‬
‫ۏ‬ 0 0 0 2𝐺 0 0 ‫ے‬

𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜆 𝐼𝜀1 𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 2𝐺𝜀𝑖𝑗

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 11

 Uniaxial Compression Tests:
σ < σy : elastic

σ > σy : additional plastic

strain
Y & G are yield points
σy & σG are yield stresses

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 12

 (a) Yield curves and failure (b) Yield surface
envelope

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 13

 Paths for loading :
A  B, A  C, A  D : ada
plastic strain
A  E : hanya elastic (inside
the elastic “wall”)

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 14

 Vectors of plastic strain
increment (δεp) are the
orthogonal to the plastic
potential

Associated flow rule :

f = g  δεp ┴ f

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 15

 One-dimensional compression and unloading
of speswhite kaolin in oedometer

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 16

 Spestone Kaoline :

(a) Isotropic compression

and unloading

(b) Undrained triaxial

compression and
unloading

(c) Cycles of compression

and unloading at
constant mean
effective stress p’

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 17

 Three tests probing yield
curve for undisturbed soil
samples :

(a) Effective stress paths in

p’-q

(b) Isotropic compression

test (1), υ and p’

(c) One-dimensional
compression test (2), υ
and σv’

(d) Undrained compression

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering

test (3), q and Єq 18
 (a) Plastic strain increment vectors normal to family of plastic
potential curves
(b) Families of plastic potentials and yield locus

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 19

 Elastic-plastic model for soil

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 20

 A yield surface marks the boundary of the
region of elastically attainable state of
stress.

The position, shape & size of the yl have

resulted from the past history of loading
of the soil.

A  B : changes in stress which lie within

the current yield locus (elastic volumetric
strain)

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 21

 NCL : υ = υλ – λ ln p’

URL : υ = υ𝑘 – 𝑘 ln p’

υ=1+e

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 22

 Change in stress which cause
the soil to yield (ex : K to L)

yl-2 is assumed to have the

same shape as yl-1

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 23

 Reloaded from B1 to A2 : irrecoverable
and recoverable deformations

The recoverable is found by unloading

the wire to B2 and the irrecoverable

part is the distance between points B1 &

B2

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 24

 For soil, the irrecoverable change of volume Δυp is the
separation of the 2 unloading-reloading line at constant mean
stress.
BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 25
 When the soil is being normally
compressed, the stress state is
always at the tip of the current yield
locus (points A,B & C) and p’ = p0’

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 26

 Three stress paths : PQ, PR & PS

PQ : purely elastic response

𝑒 𝛿𝑝 ′
𝛿𝜀𝑝 = 𝑘
1+𝑣
PR : R lies on a new larger yl 2 obtained by
further 1D compression from p01’ to
p02’ (A to B). Since the p’ is constant,
then there is no elastic vol. strain. The
volume change is purely plastic.
𝑝 𝛿𝑝0 ′
𝛿𝜀𝑝 = ሺ𝜆 − 𝑘 ሻ
𝑣𝑝0 ′

PS : elastic & plastic changes in volume

𝛿𝑉 = 𝛿𝑉 𝑒 + 𝛿𝑉 𝑝
Point S has been chosen : at yl 2 &
same p’ as point P
 No volume change : δV = 0
BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 27
 Critical State Line

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 28

 Three undrained Triaxial
Compression Tests. Each being
compressed to different initial
value of p’ (equal to a, 2a, and 3a)

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 29

 Test results on :
p’ – q’ planes
and p’ – υ planes

Failures occure at points :

B1, B2 & B3

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 30

 Three drained T.C tests :
P’ = a, 2a and 3a

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 31

 Test results on :
p’ – q’ planes
and p’ – υ planes

Failures also occure at points :

B1, B2 & B3

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 32

 The critical state line in ln p’ : υ space

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 33

 Plotting together the results of
drained & undrained tests :
• Single straight line through
the origin in q’ : p’ space
• Single curved line in υ : p’
space

Critical State Line (CSL) :

The single & unique line of
failure points of both the
drained and undrained tests

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 34

 CSL Definitions & Nomenclature
p’ = 1/3 (σ1 + σ2 + σ3)
q = σ1 - σ3
υ =1+e
λ-line : υ = υλ – λ ln p’

𝑘-line : υ = υ𝑘 – 𝑘 ln p’
NCL : υ = N – λ ln p’
CSL : υ = Г – λ ln p’
𝑑𝑝′ 𝑒
𝑑𝑝′
𝑑𝑒 = 𝑑𝑣 = −λ 𝑑𝑒 = 𝑘
𝑝′ 𝑝′
𝑑𝑣 λ 𝑑𝑝′ 𝑘 𝑑𝑝′
𝑑𝜀𝑣 = − = 𝑑𝜀𝑣 𝑒 =
𝑣 1 + 𝑒0 𝑝′ 1 + 𝑒0 𝑝′

𝑝 ሺ𝜆 − 𝑘 ሻ𝑑𝑝′
𝑒
𝑑𝜀𝑣 = 𝑑𝜀𝑣 − 𝑑𝜀𝑣 =
1 + 𝑒0 𝑝′
BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 35
 Modified Cam Clay

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 36

 (a) Elliptical yield locus for Cam clay model in p’-q plane
(b),(c) Normal compression line and unloading-reloading line in
compression plane
BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 37
(a) Stress increment expanding (b) Stress increment inside
current yield locus (plastic current yield locus (no
strain) plastic strain)

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 38

 BC : a typical increment of loading in a
drained compression test
B lying on yl B with a tip pressure p0B’

C lying on yl C with a tip pressure p0C’

The change in volume from B to C :

ΔV = ΔVe + ΔVp
Δve : due to change in p’ between B & C
ΔVp : due to expansion of the yield locus,
p0B’  p0C’

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 39

 BCDEF
q p0F ′
At F : = η = M & p′ =
p′ 2

δ𝜀𝑞 𝑝
→~
δq
η→M
δ𝑞
the slope ∶ 𝑝 → 0
δ𝜀𝑞

δ𝜀𝑝 𝑝 M 2 − η2
𝑝
=
δ𝜀𝑞 2η
η → M , maka

δ𝜀𝑝 𝑝 δ𝑉
→ 0 & slope →0
δ𝜀𝑞 𝑝 δ𝜀𝑞

BMH Short Course on Geotechnical Engineering 40

 Conventional drained triaxial compression test on normally soil :
(a) p’ : q effective stress plane
(b) υ : p’ compression plane
(c) q : εq stress : strain plot
BMH
(d) υ : εq volumeShort
: strain plot
Course on Geotechnical Engineering 41
 Conventional drained triaxial compression test on highly
overconsolidated soil :
(a) p’ : q effective stress plane
(b) υ : p’ compression plane
(c) q : εq stress : strain plot
BMH (d) υ : εq volume
Short :Course
strain plot Engineering
on Geotechnical 42
 Conventional undrained triaxial compression test on normally
compressed soil :
(a) p’ : q effective stress plane
(b) υ : p’ compression plane
(c) q : εq stress : strain plot
BMH (d) u : εq pore pressure
Short : strain Engineering
Course on Geotechnical plot 43
 Conventional undrained triaxial compression test on lightly
overconsolidated soil :
(a) p’ : q effective stress plane
(b) υ : p’ compression plane
(c) q : εq stress : strain plot
BMH (d) u : εq pore
Shortpressure : strainEngineering
Course on Geotechnical plot 44