MRS. MARIA TERESA M.

LEAL
HEAD – High School Dept.
Teacher
HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER 2
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
 Importance, Purposes and Functions of
RRL and Studies
 Characteristics of RRL and Studies
 Sources of RRL and Studies
 Where to Locate the Sources of RRL and
Studies
RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
Related literature is composed of discussions of facts and
principles to which the present study is related.
These materials are classified as
1. Local, if printed in the Philippines; and
2. Foreign, if printed in other lands.
Related studies, on the other hand, are studies, or investigations
already conducted to which the present proposed study is related
or has some bearing or similarity.
They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts,
theses and dissertations.
They maybe classified as:
1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
2. Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands.
IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES, AND
FUNCTIONS OF RELATED
LITERATURE
1. They help or guide the researcher in
searching for or selecting a better
research problem or topic.
2. They help the investigator understand
his topic for research better.
3. They ensure that there will be no
duplication of other studies.
4. They help and guide the researcher in
locating more sources of related
information.
5. They help and guide the researcher in
making his research design especially in:
a. the formulation of specific questions
to be researched on;
b. the formulation of assumptions and
hypotheses if there should be any;
c. the formulation of conceptual
framework;
d. the selection and application of the
methods or research;
e. the selection and application of
sampling techniques;
f. the selection and/or preparation and
validation of research instruments for
gathering data;
g. the selection and application of
statistical procedures;
h. the analysis, organization,
presentation and interpretation of data;
i. the making of the summary of
implications for the whole study; and,
j. the formulation of the summary of
findings, conclusions, and
recommendations.
6. They help and guide the
researcher in making comparison
between his findings or other
researchers on similar studies with
the end in view of formulating
generalizations and principles
which are the contributions of the
study to the fund of knowledge.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible.
2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased.
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.
4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely
original and true facts or data to make them valid and
reliable.
5. Reviewed materials must not be too few nor too many.
SOURCES OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
1. Books, encyclopedias, almanac, and other similar references.
2. Articles, published in professional journals, magazines,
periodicals, newspapers, and other publications.
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and
diaries.
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The Constitution, and the laws and statutes of land
6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government
offices and departments, especially from the Office of the
President of the Phils. and the DepEd,
7. Records of schools, public and private
8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise
9. Official reports of all kinds
10. On line sources
STANDARD STYLES IN RELATED
LITERATURE CITATIONS OR
REFERENCES
1. Acknowledgment – the beginning portion of
the work that identifies individuals who
have contributed something for the
production of the paper
2. References or bibliography – a complete list
of all reading materials, including books,
journals, periodicals, etc. from where the
borrowed ideas came from
3. Citation or in – text citation – references
within the main body of the text,
specifically in RRL.
Purposes of citation
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what
they know about the field
2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other
people’s claims, conclusions, and arguments
3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic
and relevant materials about your topic.
4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily.
5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
6. To save yourself from plagiarism
Styles of citation
1. Integral citation
Used active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report the
author’s ideas.
Used in social sciences or any subjects belonging to the soft
sciences.
Example:
APA MLA
One study by Manalo (2015) One study by (Manalo 70)
reveals…
The latest work by (Lee, 2015) The latest work by (lee 123)
asserts…
2. Non – integral citation
Downplays strength of the writer’s personal characteristics.
The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to
the owner of the ideas.
Example:
The code of ethics for intercultural competence give four
ways by which people from different cultural background
can…(De la Cruz, 2015)
Patterns of citation
1. Summary
2. Paraphrase
3. Short and direct quotation
4. Long direct quotation or block quotation, or extract
5. Tense of verbs for reporting
Two basic methods
1. Apa ( American Psychological Association)
(Ramos, 2015) or Ramos (2015)
2. Mla ( Modern Language Association)
(Bautista 183), Flores et.al. 150 – 158
(Acosta, Hizon, Lopez 235 – 240)