Network Problems and solutions

For 2G
 Contents
1. Analysis of call drop during drive test
2. How to Analyze C/I,BER and Interference In DT
3. How to analyze Coverage Issues in DT
4. How to Analyze Crossed Feeder Issue by DT
5. How to analyze Handover Issues in DT
6. How to Analyze Quality Issue by DT
Call Drop Analysis
 Content
What is call drop?
The types of call drop
Basic call drop reasons
Call drop issues during DT
Call drop cases
 What is Call Drop?

The abnormal channel released during call due to the reasons such as:
1. Blind/poor coverage area;
2. Bad quality;
3. Irrationality parameters configuration;
.
.
.
n. Hardware problems.
 The types of call drop

TCH call drop

The abnormal TCH channel released after TCH channel has been
allocated to MS
SDCCH call drop
The abnormal SDCCH channel released after SDCCH channel has
been allocated to MS
 Basic call drop reasons

Radio Link Time out

T3103 Time out
System problems (hardware)
 Radio Link Time out
MS BTS BSC MSC

(1)
Measurement report
(2)
Measurement result

Connection failure

(3)
Clear REQ (radio interface failure)

(1) Dedicated Channel Mode Set Up

(2) Abis Monitor Activation
(3) Can not Decode SACCH, and Then Radio Link Time out.
 T3103 Time out

Handover Indication
Ch_Act
Ch_Ack Set T3103
Handover command
Handover command
Handover Access
HO_DETECT
Physical info(TA)
SABM
EST Indication Reset T3103
UA
Handover Complete HO_Complete
 System problems (hardware

DDRU board is not on working;

High VSWR(>1.2);
The feeder connector is loose;
 Call drop issues during DT

Coverage;
Interference;
Handover;
Antenna & feeder system;
Others;
 Coverage issues & reason

Discontinuous coverage area;

Reason: very lower Rx Lev, especially due to single site
Overshooting;
Reason: call drop after handover delay
Uplink & downlink is imbalance;
Reason: MS can not transmit & receipt signal, the call drop will
happen when BTS can not allocated channel
Coverage issues DT
Coverage issues DT
Coverage issues
 DT analysis suggestions

 Enhance TOP or increase antenna height or decrease down tilt,

otherwise add new sites for discontinuous coverage area;
 Check the neighbor cells and their antenna parameters or TOP for
overshooting area;
 Make the Balance of uplink and downlink (need OMC data);
 Interference issues

 Co-channel & adjacent channel interference;

Reason: frequency planning problems
 Repeater interference;
Reason: another type of co-channel & adjacent channel interference
that due to the repeater nearby;
 Exterior interference;
Reason: there are exist some ARFCNs that used by other operators or
other communication devices
Interference issues DT
 Interference issues

114
116

112
Interferen 118
124 ce
110 102
102
Interferen 110
ce
123

116
Broad band Repeater
113
Interferen
ce
DT analysis suggestions
 Check the frequency planning of
neighbor around service cell, modify
it if any Co-channel & adjacent
channel;
 Otherwise, find any broad band
repeater near by;
 Check the interference come from
other communication devices (should
inform operator if any);
 Handover

 Abnormal handover parameters configuration;

Reason: lower Rx level set for handover & irrationality margin for
handover
 Missing neighbor;
Reason: MS can not find the proper neighbor cell for handover
 Co-BCCH & Co-BISC (50% HOSR);
 Congestion (Deficiency Channel for allocating);
 BTS clock asynchronization (MS can not decode signal);
 DT analysis suggestions

 Optimization handover parameters;

 Add missing neighbor;
 Change the BSIC;
 Increase AMR ratio if possible or expansion capacity;
 Calibrate BTS clock (BSS hardware problem).
 Antenna & feeder system

 Antenna issue
Reason: Cross cable connection for Co-site neighbor cells;
 Antenna Tilt issue;
Reason: Antenna Tilt issue is not identical (monopole)
 Antenna azimuth issues;
Reason: Antenna azimuth issues is not identical (monopole)
 Installation issues for Antenna & feeder system
Reason: loose connector for feeder & jumper or higher VSWR
 DT analysis suggestions

 Solve cross cable connection issues;

 Adjust identical tilt for monopoles for same cell;
 Adjust identical azimuth for monopoles for same cell;
 Fasten the feeder & jumper connectors and decreasing the VSWR by
using proper activities.
 Others

 The software version issue

Reason: The software version issue of BTS is not updated;
 BTS hardware issues;
Reason: some BTS hardware alarms (BSS)
 DT analysis suggestions

 Updated the BTS software version;

 Inform BSS engineers to check the hardware issues and solve them.
How to Analyze C/I,BER and Interference In
DT
 Interference

 Hardware Problem
 TRX Problem
 Feeder & Arrester Problem
 Intra-Interference
 Adjacent channel & Co-channel
 Intermodulation Interference
 Inter-Interference
 Other Equipment
 Co-Channel & Adjacent Channel
Interference

As beside Figure show Station A~D,

Supposing the frequency N have
already allocated to cell A-3.so
frequency N can not be allocate to
A1 、 A2 、 B1 、 B2 、 B3 、 C1 、 C
2 、 C3 、 D1 、 D2 、 D3; and
frequency N±1 can not be allocated to
cell
A1 、 A2 、 A3 、 B1 、 C2 、 D1 、 D
2 (No ,hoping)
 Co-Channel & Adjacent Channel
Interference
As below, From the neighbor
list ,BCCH 73 interfered BCCH
72,it is adjacent interference.
When the co channel or
adjacent channel happen

It will bring the strong

interference. The typical
phenomena:

High Rxlev
Worst Rxqual
High FER
 C/I Problem
 C/I Definition
C/I: Carry/Interference
 Optimize C/I method
 Improve Coverage
 Decrease Interference
C/I Problem due to poor coverage

 RxLevel(Serving Cell) is about (or less than) -95 dBm;

RxLevel(Neighbours Cell) is about (or less than) -95 dBm;
Result: Worst C/I due to poor coverage.
 C/I Problem due to Interference

 Rx Level(Serving
Cell) is about (or less
than) -85 dbm;

Worst C/I with high

FER due to adjacent
channel interference
from 604 to 603.
 BER

BER: Bit Rate Error

The solution to Interference , C/I,BER
issue (1)
The solution to Interference , C/I,BER
issue (1)
The solution to Interference, C/I,BER
issue (1)
How to analyze Coverage Issues in DT
 Coverage

• Downlink Rx Level and Coverage

• Coverage of single cell
• Coverage of whole network
 Coverage(one cell)

• The following example shows the

downlink Rx Level(Dedicated Mode)
decreases when MS is driving away from
BTS.
Downtilt: 0 drgree
• The Rx Level decrease faster when
Antenna Down tilt increase.
RxLevel

Variation
s due to
Rayleigh Downtilt: 8 drgree
fading
Global Variation
means due to
shadowing
 Coverage Issues

What is …
• Coverage hole
• Sudden Decrease on Signal Level
• Line of Sight Lost
• Lack of Dominant Server
• Coverage Overlapping
• Overshooting
Coverage Hole
Legend
RxLevel

Poor Coverage
Bad Call
Areas RxQuality Drop
RxQuality

 RxLevel(Serving Cell) is about (or less than) -95 dBm

 RxLevel(Neighbours) are about (or less than) -95 dBm

Sudden Decrease on Signal Level

 RxLev(Serving Cell and

Neighbors) decrease in a
short time.

 Check if there is big

change of testing
environment, e.g. check
if the test was performed
on a highway and that
particular area was a
tunnel or not.

 Signal level on the chart

will make a curve rather
than unstable changes.

 This usually results in

Ping Pong Handovers
Line of Sight Lost

Signal Strength of Serving cell make fast up and down due to RxQuality goes
far away server being blocked by obstacles from the terrain. worse when the
The other way, signal from the server lose line of sight(LOS) level drops down
to the mobile because of a hill of something. fast
Lack of Dominant Server

 Signal Level of more

than one cell (Serving
Cell and Neighbors)
are not high enough.

 This might happen

because the MS is
located on the cell
borders and there is
no any best server to
keep the call.

 Lack of Dominant
Server Causes too
many Handovers
Between the same
Cells
Coverage Overlapping

 Signal Level of 3–4

cells are too closed
to each other.

 This might point

overlapping cells.

 This will cause

quality problems
because of
frequency reuse

 Immediate action to
optimize cell
coverage should be
taken by by power
reductions, downtilts
or other
configuration
changes.
Overshooting

 MS is covered by the
serving cell, but is
outside the cell
 BSC thinks that it is
neighbour cell A and Serving
Other cell B
makes a handover to cell
BSIC 1
cell A
Freq. A
 The MS is not near BTS
cell A so the
assigned TCH for the
handover is not used
 Cell A will have
Coverage spot
unused TCH Neighbour cell A
(handover)
(island effect)
BSIC 1
 The call might be Freq. A
dropped because it
cannot make the
handover
 Proposal of Coverage Issue

• Solution of low coverage

• Solution of overshooting and overlapping
Solutions of Low Coverage
How to Analyze Crossed Feeder Issue by DT
 Outline

• What is crossed feeder issue

• The problems raised by crossed feeder issue

• How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT

 What is crossed feeder issue (1)
The term crossed feeder is used to describe the problem that arises when
the feeders for two or more sectors in a site are inadvertently connected
incorrectly. For Example, consider a new cell site that has three sectors,
A, B, and C:
 What is crossed feeder issue (2)
 The crossed feeder problem would
arise if the feeder for sector A is
connected to sector C and vice versa.
When this happens, the sectors
typically continue to provide good
coverage. However, the network
parameters for the two sectors are also
reversed. For example, the parameters
storing the sectors' BCCH and lists of
adjacent sectors would be swapped.
 For example, suppose we run a drive
test through the area served by the cell
whose feeders are crossed display the
ServBCCH attribute on the Map while
the cell sectors are colored by BCCH.
This is what we might see:
 What is crossed feeder issue (3)

 There are server types of crossed feeder:

 Crossed transmit feeders

 Crossed receive feeders

 Crossed transmit and receive feeders

The problems raised by crossed feeder issue

Normal Situation Crossed Feeder Situation

The problems raised by crossed feeder issue

 Crossed feeder will raise many problems, such as:

 A greater degree of interference

 A poor uplink signal strength
 A poor performance of handover
 How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT

 Crossed transmit feeders

Crossed transmit feeders will result in the swap of 2 or
more sectors BCCH frequency and TCH’s. As the sectors are
pointing in the incorrect direction, performance will suffer as
the frequency plan has been changed and a greater degree of
interference will be present.
In DT, we will find that the handset receives the single
which shouldn't have been received in the current cell.
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed transmit feeders

CellA CellB

Tx Div Tx Div

Tx Div Tx Div

CellA CellB
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed transmit feeders

CellA CellB
•BCCH B •BCCH A

•Cell ID B •Cell ID A

•Ms power control low (0-8) •Ms power control low (0-8)
with good RXlev with good Rxlev

•After HO low RxLev •After HO low RxLev

•Unexpected HOs •Unexpected HOs

How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
 Crossed transmit feeders

In the example shown above, point A is in the area of coverage of Cell D3,
but the handset at point A receives the stronger signal of Cell D2. It
indicates that TX feeders were crossed between Cell D3 and Cell D2.
 How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed transmit feeders
Exercise

Cell border Cell border

A
Site 1

B Site 2 Site 3

A B A B
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT

 Crossed receive feeders

It is not easy to detect this fault by DT, because the BCCH
frequencies will appear exactly as they were designed.
However, the statistics for the cell would help us to detect the
fault:
 Uplink signal strength would be very poor
 Link balance would be larger than expected
 Handover success rate would be very low
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed receive feeders

CellA CellB

Tx Div Tx Div

Tx Div Tx Div

CellA CellB
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed receive feeders

CellA CellB
•BCCH A •BCCH B

•Cell ID A •Cell ID B

•Ms power control low (0-8) •Ms power control low (0-8)
with good RXlev with good Rxlev

•After HO low RxLev •After HO low RxLev

•Unexpected HOs •Unexpected HOs

How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT

 Crossed receive feeders

The MR measurement is very useful in detecting this type of feeder
cross.
Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Measurement per TRX and TCH
Receive Level Measurement per TRX maybe are the most useful
statistics . For example, if the uplink-and-downlink balance is
always in level 10 or level 11, we can consider that there is
something wrong in the receive path of the site, crossed receive
feeder is a possible problem.
 How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed receive feeders
Exercise

Cell border Cell border

A
Site 1

B Site 2 Site 3

A B A B
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT

 Crossed transmit and receive feeder

The symptom is similar with the fault “crossed transmit and
receive feeder”, and sometimes we can detect the fault by DT
easily .
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed feeders both two transmit & two
receive
CellA CellB

Tx Div Tx Div

Tx Div Tx Div

CellA CellB
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed receive feeders

CellA CellB
•BCCH B •BCCH A

•Cell ID B •Cell ID A
 How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed transmit - receive feeders
Exercise

Cell border Cell border

A
Site 1

B Site 2 Site 3

A B A B
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
one transmit & one receive feeders
crossed
CellA CellB

Tx Div Tx Div

Tx Div Tx Div

CellA CellB
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed receive feeders

CellA
•RxLevA ~ RxLevB
•BCCH A, BCCH A
•Cell ID B, Cell ID B
•Ms power control low (0-8)
with good RXlev
•After HO low RxLev
•Unexpected HOs
 How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Crossed transmit - receive feeders
Exercise

Cell border Cell border

A
Site 1

B Site 2 Site 3

A B A B
How to detect crossed feeder issue by DT
Inter system antenna swap (GSM – CDMA)

In this scenario when feeders has been swapped

between antenna ports, its very difficulty to
recognize it during DT. Only abnormal coverage
area and bad performance could be the reason for
this.
GSM

CDMA
How to analyze Handover Issues in DT
Handover

What is…
• Handover procedure in network?
• Handover Um signaling flow?
• Purpose of Handover Analysis in DT?
Handover Procedure

Uplink MR (Measured by BTS)

•RXLEV Uplink
•RXQUAL Uplink
•TA
DNeighbor
ow
Cell_1 ve
l •Current BTS TX power
(Ne nlin L e
igh k R k Rx
bo x in
rs) Leve l
l wn er) nd
DoServing
Neighbor
v a
m Cell2
mCell
r HO
(Se co co
el m  MS in dedicated mode will
HO L ev m
an
Rx MR d continuously perform
k
lin nk measurements on serving
Serving Cell
Neighbor Cell2 Up nli
and neighbor cells.
D ow
es s
r S ucc
e Measurement Reports are
dov
Han sent to BSC and used in the
handover algorithm.
Downlink MR (Measured by MS)
•Downlink RXLEV(Sever)
BSC
 Serving BSC decides
•Downlink RXQUAL(Sever)
whether a handover is
•RXLEV_NCELL(n) on the 6 best neighboring
cells (+BSIC) necessary and send HO
command
Handover signaling on Um(TEMS Message)

Tell MS how to access to

Target TCH Channel

Target cell Description

Target channel Description
BCCH of Neighbors
to beServing Cell:
measuredChannel Type, Timeslot
TSC
DL DTX is ON
RF hopping
RxLev(sub) is -109+ 62 =--49dBm
MAIO,isHSN
RxQual (sub) 0

Handover Complete ≠ Handover Success!!!

The RxLev
of
Only after SABM & UA in
Layer2 Message, handover
Neighbors
success! Inter cell Synchronous
Handover

Speech version: EFR

The purpose of Handover Analysis

The purpose of handover analysis in DT is

 understand the wireless handover performance of network.
 find out whether the handovers are healthy in this network.
 what is typical handover failure in this network.
 find out whether neighbor audit work is needed in this network.

To make optimization of HSR, the most effective way is based on

traffic analysis, combining DT events, neighbor audit, and data
configuration audit together.
Handover Types

• Different handover types by network topology

• Different handover types by algorithm
• PBGT handover
• Quality handover
• Edge Handover
• Intracell Handover
• Other types of handover
Handover Types(Network Topology)
Operator

MSC MSC

BSC BSC BSC BSC

BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS

CELL CELL CELL CELL CELL CELL CELL CELL

Synchronous
Asynchronous • Case1 Intra cell HO
Case 2 Case 4 Case 5 • Case2 Synchronous Inter cell HO
Case 1 Case 3
• Case3 Asynchronous Inter cell HO
• Case4 Inter BSC HO
• Case5 Inter MSC HO
Handover Types(Algorithm)

OM Forced HO
 In DT, the most common
handover types happens in
following order of priority Directed Retry

 TA TA Emergency HO Edge HO
 RxQuality
 RxLevel
Bad Quality HO Layer HO
 PBGT
 OL&UL
Rapid Level Drop HO PBGT HO

Interference HO Fast Moving MS HO

HO

Load HO Overlay/Underly HO
PBGT Handover
 PBGT HO Exp: Serving Target
Cell Cell
When:
RXLEV_NCELL(n) – (RXLEVEL+
PWR_DIFF) > HO_MARGIN
HO_MARGIN > 0
MS is handed over to the neighboring RXLEV_NCELL(n)
cell .
RX LEVEL + PWR_DIFF
 HO_MARGIN is usually set to 3 to 6
dB. PBGT HO Power-budget

 HO_MARGIN could be increased to Distance

reduce number of handovers.
HO_MARGIN should be decreased if
faster handover decision is wanted.

 PBGT Handover is considered as most

healthy handover in a network.

A typical PBGT HO
Quality Handover

Quality Handover Exp:

When:
DL Rx Quality >= DL Quality HO
Threshold
handover caused by DL Rx
Quality takes place.

When:
UL Rx Quality >= UL Quality HO
Threshold
handover caused by UL Rx
Quality takes place.

 DL&UL Quality HO Thresholds

are generally set to 6.

UL Quality HO can’t be monitored Handover was performed to a better quality

in DT. cell just after experiencing quality problems.
EDGE Handover

Edge Handover Exp:

When:
DL Rx Level < Edge HO DL RX_LEV
Threshold
handover caused by DL Rx
Level takes place.

When:
UL Rx Level < Edge HO UL
RX_LEV Threshold
handover caused by UL Rx
Quality takes place.

UL EDGE handover can’t be

monitored in DT.

Handover was performed to the cell with

higher downlink Rxlev.
Other types of handover

Other types of handover are not easy to judge or not easy to

encounter in DT test, for example :
 TA handover
 Directed Retry
 Load handover
 Rapid Level Drop HO
 Fast Moving MS HO

For analysis of different types of handover or handover caused by

uplink, it is recommended by traffic analysis or single-user signaling
tracing.
Handover Issues

What is …
•Dragged Handover
•Power Control Effect
•Ping–Pong Handover
•Missing Neighbor Relation
•Fake Neighbor
•Handover Failure
 Ping-pong Handover
Ping-pong handovers occur when the MS is handed over from one cell to another but
is quickly handed back to the original cell.

 The shot shows two ping-pong

handovers displayed on the map
along with the Servering CI
attribute. The first ping-pong
handover is from cell 12424 to cell
12368 and back and the second is
from cell 12424 to cell 12366 and
back. Changes in the value of the
CI is shown below the route. It can
be clearly visualized by lines to
cells display. Ping-pong HO

 For most cases, Ping-pong Handover is caused by no dominant cell. There was a handover
back to cell 12366 after the second ping-pong handover, but this was outside of the defined
window. The change in dominance after the handover was 9dB, which represents a much
healthier handover.
Missing Neighbor Relation
If a handoff is not performed to a neighbor cell that seems to be best server,
there is a possibility of a missing neighbor relation. This will happen with
sudden appearance of strong cell in the neighbor list just after a handover.

 The shot shows after

second handover in the
red box, a much
stronger Serving Cell
appears.

 At this time Neighbor

audit should be
performed.
 Fake Neighbor Relation

 Sometimes you will see a

good handover candidate in
the neighbor list but
handover will not take place
and call will drop.

 Although that neighboring

cell with a very good signal
level appears to be a
neighbor, in reality it is not.
Just because the serving cell
has another neighbor with the
same BCCH, this cell appears
in the list.
Handover Failure
Handover Failure: Handover attempt was failed and the call returned back
to its all channel.

Target Cell is
 BCCH is 13
 BSIC is 65
Target channel is
 900M RF hopping Channel.
Handover Failure
 Half Rate
 MA list is 1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24
 MAIOThe
is 4,handover has not
HSN is 31,
successfully
 TSC is 5. completed yet!
 Channel mode is AMR(SV3)
Handover Failure is
Another example: Excessive
caused by T200ofExpired
Number Handover
Failure due to Hardware Problem
Proposal of Handover Issue

•Dragged Handover
•Ping–Pong Handover
•Missing Neighbor Relation
•Handover Failure
How to Analyze Quality Issue by DT
Outline
• Downlink RxQuality Issue
 What is RxQuality Issue
 The problems raised by RxQuality issue

• How to detect quality issue by DT

 Bad Quality due to Signal Strength – FER is Bad
 Bad Quality due to Signal Strength – FER is OK
 Bad Quality due to C/A Interference
 Bad Quality due to Time Dispersion

• The solution to RxQuality issue

 What is RxQuality Issue
 Bad RxQuality is one of the biggest problems in a Network. The
RxQuality that a network operator can offer to customers
mostly depends on the RxLevel and the interference of the
network.
 There are two types of RxQuality problems, uplink RxQuality
and downlink RxQuality. We can only detect downlink
RxQuality problem by DT, however, if the downlink RxQuality
is bad in one cell, there is a risk that there would be problems on
the uplink as well.
What is RxQuality Issue

Good
Bad
RxQuali
RxQuali
ty
ty

RxQuality is divided into eight levels which are from 0 to 7, the level 0 is the
best and the level 7 is the worst.
 The problems raised by RxQuality issue

 Bad RxQuality may raise many problems, such as:

 Difficulty in accessing the network
 Dropped calls due to bad quality
 Poor handover success rate
 Low MOS value
 Bad Quality due to Signal Strength – FER is Bad

 As the signal strength drops

down, the quality of the call
becomes worse being effected by
interference and/ or fading.
Consequently the system becomes
weaker to handle the interference.

 Drop calls and ping pong

handovers usually happen in such
environments.

RxLev (Serving Cell and

Neighbors) is not high enough
(about less than -95dbm).

 Maybe there are interferences

in this region for bad FER.

Bad RxLev
Bad RxQual
Bad FER
 Bad Quality due to Signal Strength – FER is
OK
This case is similar with
the previous except for
FER. Signal strength is also
bad in this, but FER is still
fine.

 FER is ok, it means that

there is no obvious
interference in the area.
The coverage is usually the
problem in this situation.

Bad RxLev
Bad RxQual
Fine FER
 Bad Quality due to C/A Interference
There is adjacent channel
interference in this case and
the RxQuality is not good.

Bad Quality due to Adjacent

Interference.

Adjacent BCCH between

best server and best neighbor.
Bad Quality due to Time Dispersion

Site
Reflecting object

MS

Time dispersion is caused by the reflections. The MS uses all or most of the
received power, instead of only the direct signal, there is a larger probability
to decode the information. So the RxQuality will be very bad perhaps.
Bad Quality due to Time Dispersion
The MS is near the
cell, it is less than 1
mile far away.
The RxQuality is very
bad for the bad C/R, in
which, R stands for
reflected signal and C
stands for original
signal.
 The TA is too high.
It is because that TA
stands for the reflected
signal but the original
signal.
 The solution to RxQuality issue (1)

RxQuality Issue Solution

Find out the interference source or /and

adjust the azimuth or downtilt of the
Bad Quality due to Signal Strength – FER is Bad
antenna or /and adjust the power of the
transmitter(s).
There is no obvious interference in this
situation. Adjust the azimuth or
Bad Quality due to Signal Strength – FER is OK
downtilt of the antenna or /and adjust
the power of the
transmitter(s).
The solution to RxQuality issue (2)

RxQuality Issue Solution

Avoided adjacent frequencies in the same cell and

Bad Quality due to C/A Interference
preferably in neighboring cells as well.

Move the site to be placed near the reflecting

Bad Quality due to Time Dispersion object to prevent time dispersion. Another efficient
solution is to modify the antenna arrangement, either
in azimuth (horizontally) or by tilt (vertically).
Thank you