Hello Class Lecture: 1.

3 Linear & Non Linear System

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Lecture 1.3
Linear & Non Linear Systems
Prepared by
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farhan
Email: mfarhan@gcuf.edu.pk

@farhan. M Lecture: 1.3 Linear & Non Linear System 1

Hello Class Linear Systems

Linear Systems
• A control system is said to be linear if it satisfies following properties.
a. The principle of superposition is applicable to the system. It states that, the
response produced by the simultaneous application of two different forcing
functions is the sum of the two individual responses. So that if input A produces
response X and input B produces response Y then input (A + B) produces response
(X + Y).
• Mathematically principle of superposition is expressed by two properties,
i. Additive property which says¿ that for x and y belonging to the domain of the
function f then we have,
ii. Homogeneous property which says that for ¿ any x belonging the domain of the
function f and for any scalar constant a we have,
b. The differential equation describing the system is linear having its coefficients as
constants
@farhan. M
c. Practically the output i.e. response variesLecture:
linearly with
1.3 Linear Systems
the input i.e. forcing 2
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Hello Class Linear & Non Linear System

Linear & Non Linear Systems

• Real Time Example
• A resistive network shown in the Fig is a linear system. The 2nd fig
shows the linear relationship existing between input and output
• A control system is said to be nonlinear, if,
a. It does not satisfy the principle of superposition.
b. The equations describing the system are nonlinear in nature.
• The function is nonlinear because
2 2 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥1 + 𝑥 2)= ( 𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2 ) ≠ ( 𝑥 1 ) + ( 𝑥 2 )
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ( 𝛼 𝑥 )=( 𝛼 𝑥 )2 ≠ 𝛼 𝑥 2 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼=constant
• The equations of nonlinear system involves such nonlinear functions.
c. The output does not vary linearly for nonlinear systems.
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@farhan. M Lecture: 1.3 Linear & Non Linear System 3
Hello Class Non Linear Systems

Non Linear Systems

• The various nonlinearities practically present in the system are shown in the Figs

Saturatio Dead Exponentia

n zone l

• The saturation means if input increases beyond certain limit, the output remains
constant i.e. it does not remain linear. The flux and current relation i.e. B-H curve
shows saturation in practice.
• In some big valves, though force increases up to certain value, the valve does not
operate. So there is no response for certain time which is called dead zone.

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@farhan. M Lecture: 1.3 Non Linear Systems 4
Hello Class Non Linear Systems

Non Linear Systems

• The voltage-current equation of a diode is exponential and nonlinear
thus diode circuit is an example of nonlinear system.

• It can be seen that as long as increases up to certain value, current

remains almost ‘zero. This is a dead zone and thereafter voltage-
current are exponentially related to each other which is a nonlinear
function.
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@farhan. M Lecture: 1.3 Non Linear Systems 5
Hello Class Linear vs Non Linear System

Linear vs Non Linear System

• In practice it is difficult to find perfectly linear system. Most
of the physical systems are nonlinear to certain extent
• Procedures for finding the solutions of nonlinear system
problems are complicated and time consuming. Because of
this difficulty most of the nonlinear systems are treated as
linear systems for the limited range of operation with some
assumptions and approximations.
• The number of linear methods, then can be applied for
analysis of such linear systems.

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@farhan. M Lecture: 1.3 Linear vs Non Linear System 6