“Impact of Urban Migration on Infrastructural Development With Special Reference to Kalyan-Dombivli.

”
 

Research Scholar:
Mr.Sudhakar R. Iyer
 
Under the Guidance of
Dr.(Mrs) Vaidehi Daptardar.

 
 Migration
A developmental issue
This research is an attempt to know the impact of
migration on the infrastructural development of the city.
 f
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 Seven zones/wards of KDMC

3 6

1
5
4
2
 Objectives of the Study
1 4
To study the nature and To assess the expansion
extent of migration in of Social infrastructures
general and in KDMC since in KDMC since 1991.
1991 in particular.

2 5
To document the increase
To assess the expansion of
in the growth of
Economic infrastructures in
population due to
KDMC since 1991.
migration in KDMC.

3 6
To identify the different To analyze the overall
causes of migration in impact of migration on
general and particularly in the social and economic
KDMC. infrastructures of
KDMC.
 Hypotheses
1 4
Rate of migration is more
Urban migration
than the rate of increase
is affected by
in population by Natural
gender and age
Growth Rate (Net Birth
factors.
Rate)

2 5
Urban migration puts Migration makes the
pressure on the civic city more
amenities. cosmopolitan.

3 6
Migration widens the Skilled and unskilled
services of social and migrants have different
economic infrastructure. reasons of migration.
.
 Review of Literature

1 2 3 4
Historical Theoretical Review of
HEADIN
Empirical Studies by
Studies Studies on G
Studies on Scholars
on Migration
Migration and
Migration
researchers
 Content Summary of Literature review
Researcher/ Scholar Year Contribution/ Research Findings
Ravenstein 1885 Laws of migration
Everett Lee’s 1966 Theory of Migration
D.J Bogue 1959 Mixed Theory
Developed an economic Model of Migration based on assumptions of
Michael Todaro 1969
rationality.
M. J. Piore 1971 The Theory of the Dual Labor Market

I. M. Wallerstein 1974 The Globalization theory or the World System theory

de Haan and Dubey 2006 Diversity of Labour migrants

Bird and Deshingkar 2009 Studied policy responses in relation to migration.
Studied the relation of level of education and migration as reflected in
Kundu 2007
the census.
Examined the extent of employment oriented migration in females in
Shanthi 2006 India and also inter-state variations.

Analysed the district level rural to urban migration rates among males
Mitra and Murayama 2008 and females separately.

Studied the differentials and determinants of rural-urban migration.

Hossain 2001

Studied the case of Oriya migrants to the cities of Gujarat.

Ghate 2009

Analysed the models that provided theoretical reasons for the process
McCatty 2004
of rural-urban migration.
 Examined the consequences of migration and suggested
that correcting the prices of services can discourage
Williamson 1988 migrants from entering the city.

Found that pricing is a solution to the poor service

Sridhar and Mathur 2009 delivery and not closing the cities to migration

Found that rural-urban migration was not a uniform

phenomena but diverse. They further observed that
Tianhong, Maruyama
2000 earnings between urban formal and informal sector jobs
and Kikuchi
were similar.

Found that net migration was not actually entirely

responsible for the rising unemployment in Sub-Saharan
Potts 2000
Africa.

They explored circular migration in India and found that

it was high in remote rural areas, drought prone areas
Bird and Deshingkar 2009
and among the very poor, SC/ST and Muslims.

Studied the positive changes brought by internal

Deshingkar and Grimm 2004 migration both at the place of origin and destination.

Found that a range of push and pull factors resulted in

circular migration. They mostly migrate in search of
2003 income / paid employment and also due to debts, poor
access to credit, inflation etc.
Deshingkar
Found that migration increased savings and reduced
poverty. It can improve food security and stimulate the
2006
demand for local goods and services.
Research Methodology

Primary Data
Questionnaire for skilled and unskilled
migrants

Data collected in the later half of 2017

 Analysis Parameters

1 2 3 4
Analysis of Social Examining
HEADIN
Economic
Census Data Infrastructure the Growth
Infrastructure G
on in KDMC and Extent of
Social and
Population in KDMC
Economic
and Infrastructure
Migration in each zone
into KDMC of KDMC

The 2009 NSSO equation for calculating ‘Net City Migration’ i.e Census
population –Population increase by Net Birth Rate, is used to calculate the
increase in population in each ward due to migration.
 Components of Analysis
SAMPL TOOLS
SOFTWAR TESTIN
E SIZE USED
E USED G

Valid and Chi Square

For analyzing Percentages,
test, Paired T
complete the data Arithmetic
test and one
HEADIN
responses of collected mean and
sample test
513 skilled through Standard G
are used for
migrants questionnaires, deviation are
testing of
SPSS 2019 used for
and 150 hypotheses.
version is used. analysing
unskilled primary data.
migrants
were
accepted as
a sample set
 200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000

0
1991 820562 820562

1992 831229 840830

1993 842035 861598

Census
1994 852982 882880

1995 864071 904687

1996 875303 927033

1997 886682 949930

Comparative increase in population (1991-2001)

1998 898209 973394

Birth Rate

1999 909886 997437

2000 921714 1022073

2001 933697 1047297

Comparative increase in population (2001-2011)
1300000

1225339
1247327
1250000

1204146
1183320
1162853
1200000

1142741
1122977
1150000

1103554

1134162
1084468

1125161
1116231
1065711

1100000

1107372
1098583
1047297 1047279

1089865
1081215
1072634
1064121

1050000
1055675

1000000

950000

900000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Census Birth Rate

Increase in Social infrastructure 1991-2011 in real numbers with % increase.

% increase in social infrastructure

Increase in Social infrastructure 1991-2011
Zones 1991-2011

Education Health NGO’s Education Health NGO’s Total

Zone 1 88 51 2 35.6% 37.2% 33.4% 106%

Zone 2 80 40 2 32.4% 29.2% 33.3% 95%

Zone 3 132 73 4 53.5% 52.3% 66.7% 172.50%

Zone 4 40 12 2 16.3% 8.7% 33.3% 58.30%

Zone 5 55 24 2 22.4% 17.5% 33.3% 73.2%

Zone 6 23 10 0 9.4% 8.0% 0% 17.4%

Zone 7 18 7 0 7.4% 5.1% 0% 12.5%

Total 436 217 12 177% 158% 200%

 Zone wise comparison of Social Infrastructure

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00 Education Health

(Per cent increase)

40.00

30.00 NGO’s

20.00

10.00

0.00
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7
Increase in Economic infrastructure 1991-2011- real numbers & %increase.
Zones Increase in Economic infrastructure % Increase in Economic infrastructure
1991-2011 1991-2011

Construction Construction
Hotel Big Retailers Bank branches Hotel Big Retailers Bank branches Total
firms firms

Zone 1 9 4 37 19 31.0 133.5 28.9 30.1 223.5

Zone 2 11 3 28 17 37.9 100 22.4 27.4 187.7

Zone 3 23 7 61 29 79.3 233.5 47.4 46.8 407

Zone 4 3 2 17 7 10.3 66.7 13.2 11.5 101.7

Zone 5 3 2 24 11 10.3 66.7 18.4 17.7 113.10

Zone 6 2 1 12 3 6.9 33.3 9.3 4.8 54.3

Zone 7 1 1 7 2 3.3 33.3 5.4 3.7 45.7

Total 52 20 186 88 179 667 145 142

Zone wise comparison of Economic Infrastructure
250

200

Hotel

150
Big Retailers

Bank branches
100

Construction firms

50

0
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7
Zone-Wise Increase in Population Due To Migration and Corresponding
Increase In Social And Economic Infrastructure From 1991-2011
C (%) D (%)
B
Zones A (%)
(%)
C1 C2 C3 Total D1 D2 D3 D4 Total

Zone 1 46.05 63 35.6 37.2 33.4 106 31.0 133.5 28.9 30.1 223.5

Zone 2 41.02 56 32.4 29.2 33.3 95 37.9 100 22.4 27.4 187.7

Zone 3 214 80 53.5 52.3 66.7 172.50 79.3 233.5 47.4 46.8 407

Zone 4 41.81 22 16.3 8.7 33.3 58.30 10.3 66.7 13.2 11.5 101.7

Zone 5 43.92 39 22.4 17.5 33.3 73.2 10.3 66.7 18.4 17.7 113.10

Zone 6 14.50 27 9.4 8.0 0 17.4 6.9 33.3 9.3 4.8 54.3

Zone 7 20.05 29 7.4 5.1 0 12.5 3.3 33.3 5.4 3.7 45.7
Results of the Hypothesis Tested
The rate of migration
There has been a
differed widely across
corresponding increase in
different wards/zones.
the economic and social
infrastructure in the
wards/zones depending
Wards/ zones formed upon the migrant
along the periphery of population.
the Corporation
showed more migrant
settlements. Both Government and
private sector contributed
to the development of
The population
economic and social
increase in each zone
infrastructure in different
was mainly due to an
wards/zones of the
increase in the
Corporation.
addition of migrants.
Some important Hypotheses Tested
No. Description / Null Hypotheses tested Decision
There is no significant growth in population due to migration in 2001
H01 Rejected
as compared to 1991 in KDMC
There is no significant growth in population due to migration in 2011
H02 Rejected
as compared to 2001 in KDMC

H017 There is no significant increase in social infrastructure after 1991 Rejected

H018 There is no significant increase in economic infrastructure after 1991 Rejected

H022 There is no improvement in quality of education due to migration Rejected

H023 There is no improvement in health services due to migration Rejected
Infrastructural projects have not increased in Kalyan Dombivli because
H024 Rejected
of migration
There is no difference in opinion of unskilled migrants about Health
H031 Accepted
Services.
There is no difference in opinion of unskilled migrants about education
H032 Accepted
facilities.
 Findings of the Research
IGeneral findings:
•In KDMC both ‘Push and Pull’ factors contributed to migration.
•Migration contributed substantially to the population growth in
various wards or zones of the city since 1991.

II Migration and Infrastructural Development

•All the seven wards/zones of KDMC attracted migrants in different
proportions and that variation brought about differential
development in the social and economic infrastructures in that
particular ward/zone.
•The private sector took upon itself the responsibility of fulfilling the
increasing demand of education, health facilities, housing etc. while
the government concentrated on developing road and transport,
electricity and water facilities.
 Findings of the Research

III Nature of Migration

• About 33% of the current population in the KDMC region is that of
migrants.
• Both skilled and unskilled people moved into KDMC but they vastly
differed in characteristics.
• Migrants are mostly from Maharashtra.
• Jobs, affordable housing and marriage were the three major factors that
resulted in migration into KDMC.
• Most migrants permanently settled down in KDMC, once they got a job.
• All the skilled migrants were literate and only the unskilled migrants were
illiterate or semi-literate.
• Majority of the skilled migrants belonged to middle class and only a small
percentage of skilled migrants were from poor class.
 Suggestions
1 4
The Government and the
Corporation should The Corporation should tap
increase investment to the periphery areas for
improve education and planned development.
health facilities.
2 5
Migrants are a very Need to identify and reserve
important component of green zones as more migration
KDMC and an important might congest the city and
factor in attracting result in pollution.
investments through
JNNURM and SMART CITY
Projects.
6
3 Migrants should be used as
active contributors in the
The Corporation should transformation of the city and
tap the periphery areas make it sustainable.
for planned development. .
Recommendations for Future Research
01 02 03

Factors Basic Services for

Effective
Urban Poor - Plans
Other Social and BSUP Framing and
Upliftment of the executing a
Economic Urban poor
Infrastructure comprehensive and
viable City
Development Plan.
 Conclusion

Revise City
Development
Analyse the Plan and attract
impact of investments to
migrants upgrade
infrastructure
Monitor the
inflow of
migrants
A big boost to the investment in economic infrastructure will
pave the way to a Smart City in near future.