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Haematological Diseases-1
Haematological Diseases-1
HAEMATOLOGICAL diseases are disorders which primarily affect the blood and blood
forming organs.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
RISK FACTORS
• Infants and children
• Vegetarians
• Frequent blood donors
PATHOGENESIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY
ANEMIA
There are three pathogenic factors
1. Impaired Hb synthesis due to reduced ion supply
2. Generalized defect in cellular proliferation
3. Survival of erythroid precursor and erythrocytes is reduced
STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT IF IRON
DEFICIENCY
Stage 1 (prelatent) Stage 2 Stage 3
(latent) (anemia)
Bone marrow iron Reduced Absent Absent
Serum ferritin Reduced <12 µg/L <12µg/L
Transferrin saturation Normal <16% <16%
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, zinc Normal Increased Increased
protoporphyrin
Serum transferrin receptor Normal Increased Increased
Reticulocyte hemoglobin content Normal Reduced Reduced
Hemoglobin Normal Normal Reduced
Mean corpuscular volume Normal Normal Reduced
Symptoms Fatigue, Pallor, pica
malaise
STMPTOMS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• Dietary supplement
• VitB12 deficiency
• Folate deficiency
PATHOGENESIS OF MEGALOBLASTIC
ANEMIA
Lack of B12 allows folic acid to be trapped as non functional methyl
tetrahydrofolate (folate trap)
Muscle weakness
Gastrointestinal Abnormalities
Difficulty in breathing
TREATMENT FOR MEGALOBLASTIC
ANEMIA
• VitB12 deficiency , you may need monthly injections of VitB12
This leads to the substitution of Valine residue for a glutamic acid residue
Vitamin
Blood transfusion
They are caused by mutations that nearly all affect the globin
locus and are extremely heterogeneous
SYMPTOMS OF THALASSEMIA
Acquired hemolytic anemia is caused by factors outside the red blood cells,
such as
• Mechanical heart valves that may damage red blood cells as they leave
the heart
SYMPTOMS OF ACQUIRED HEMOLYTIC
ANEMIA
• Yellowish skin, eyes and mouth(jaundice)
• Dark-colored urine
• Fever
• Weakness
• Dizziness
• Rituximab