Introduction To Psychology

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Introduction to the Field of Psychology
Introduction to
Psychology
Theoretical Perspectives in Modern Psychology
Study and Careers in Psychology
Introduction to Psychology
Introduction to Psychology > Introduction to the Field of Psychology
Introduction to the Field of Psychology

• Defining Psychology
• Early Roots of Psychology
• Current Issues and Debates in Psychology
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/
Introduction to Psychology > Theoretical Perspectives in Modern Psychology
Theoretical Perspectives in Modern Psychology

• Abnormal Psychology
• Positive Psychology
• Psychodynamic Psychology
• Behavioral Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Humanistic Psychology
• Personality Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Social Psychology
• Cultural Psychology
• Biopsychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Evolutionary Psychology
• Comparative Psychology
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ology-23/
Introduction to Psychology > Study and Careers in Psychology
Study and Careers in Psychology

• Undergraduate and Graduate Study in Psychology
• Careers in Psychology
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Appendix
Key terms
• adaptation The dynamic evolutionary process by which a trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism is
maintained and/or modified by means of natural selection in order to render the organism better fit to survive in its current
environment.
• algorithm A precise step-by-step plan for a computational procedure that begins with an input value and yields an output value.
• applied psychology The use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in other areas, such as mental
health, business management, education, health, product design, ergonomics, and law.
• attribution The act of assigning a characteristic, quality, or explanation to something.
• autism A bio-neurological disorder that is observable in early childhood with symptoms of abnormal self-absorption,
characterized by lack of response to other humans and limited ability or desire to communicate and socialize.
• behavioral neuroscience The application of the principles of biology (in particular, neurobiology) to the study of physiological,
genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in human and nonhuman animals.
• bias An inclination toward something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection.
• cognitive The part of mental functioning that deals with logic and memories, as opposed to affective functioning, which deals
with emotions.
• cognitive Relating to mental functions that deal with logic, as opposed to affective, which describes those functions that deal
with emotions.
• comorbidity The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder.
• conditioning The process of modifying a person's or an animal's behavior.
• cross-cultural psychology The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and
invariance, under diverse cultural conditions.
• Darwin (1809–1882) An English naturalist and geologist best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory.
• depathologizing The act of decategorizing something as a disease or illness.
• dualism In psychology, the belief that the mind and body are separate entities.
• evolutionary biology A scientific subfield concerned with the origin and descent of species and their evolution, multiplication,
and diversity over time.
• existentialism A 20th-century philosophical movement emphasizing the uniqueness of each human existence and every
person's ability to freely make their own self-defining choices.
• forensic Relating to the use of science and technology in the investigation and establishment of facts or evidence in a court of
law.
• heuristic An experience-based technique for problem-solving, learning, and discovery that gives a solution that is not
guaranteed to be optimal.
• libido A person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity.
• mirroring A therapeutic technique in which the therapist reflects a client's words, feelings, or thoughts back to the client.
• monism In psychology, the belief that the mind and body are intricately connected rather than separate entities.
• natural selection A process by which heritable traits conferring survival and reproductive advantage to individuals tend to be
passed on to succeeding generations and become more frequent in a population.
• natural selection A process by which heritable traits conferring survival and reproductive advantage to individuals tend to be
passed on to succeeding generations, therefore becoming more frequent in a population.
• neurological Dealing with the brain or the study of the brain.

• neuropsychology A branch of psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific
behavioral and psychological processes.
• personality Long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.
• phenomenology A philosophy based on intuitive experiences and on the premise that reality consists of objects and events as
consciously perceived by conscious beings.
• primate A mammal in the order that includes apes, humans, and monkeys.
• prosocial Contributing to a beneficial outcome through negotiation, problem-solving, analysis, clarification, and respectful
behavior.
• psychoanalysis A family of theories and methods within the field of psychotherapy that work to find connections among
patients' unconscious mental processes.
• psychoanalysis A family of psychological theories and methods within the field of psychotherapy that work to find connections
among patients' unconscious mental processes.
• psychoneuroimmunology The study of the interactions between behavioral, neural, endocrine, and immune functions.
• psychopathology The study of the origin, development, diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders.
• psychosocial Having both psychological and social elements.
• psychosocial Having both psychological and social aspects.
• qualitative Focused on descriptions or distinctions based on some characteristic rather than on a quantity or number.
• Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) An Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.
• sociocultural Of or relating to both society and culture.
• sociocultural Relating to both society and culture.
• Vygotsky (1896–1934) A Soviet Russian-Belarusian psychologist and the founder of cultural-historical psychology, a theory of
human cultural and biosocial development.
Continuous vs. discontinuous development

The concept of continuous development can be visualized as a smooth slope of progression, whereas discontinuous development sees growth in more
discrete stages.
OpenStax CNX. "CNX Psychology, Psychology. July 13, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:50/Psychology
View on Boundless.com
Trayvon Martin
Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old African American youth, was shot to death at the hands of George Zimmerman, a white volunteer neighborhood
watchman, in 2012. His death sparked a heated debate around the country about the effects of racism in the United States. Social psychologists theorize
about how different cognitive biases influence people's perspectives on the event. (credit “signs”: modification of work by David Shankbone; credit
“walk”: modification of work by "Fibonacci Blue"/Flickr)
OpenStax CNX. "CNX Psychology, Psychology. July 12, 2015." CC BY-SA 4.0
http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:69/Psychology View on Boundless.com
DSM disorders and their prevalence

The DSM is used as a tool by psychologists to diagnose and treat a wide range of psychological disorders. This graph shows the breakdown of
psychological disorders from the DSM-IV in 2007, comparing the percentage prevalence among adult males and adult females in the United States.
Major depressive disorder has the highest total prevalence among males and females.
The brain of a cat

A wide variety of species have been studied by comparative psychologists in order to gain insight into the behavior and mental processes of nonhuman
animals.
Wikipedia. "Cat_brain.jpg." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychology%23/media/File:Cat_brain.jpg View on Boundless.com
Plato and Aristotle

Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek philosophers examined a wide range of topics relating to what we now consider psychology.
Wikimedia. "Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg View on Boundless.com
The id, ego, and superego

According to Freud, the job of the ego, or self, is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the highest state a person can reach after all lower needs are met. Maslow's research on
self-actualization was a central component of both humanistic and positive psychology.
Wikimedia. "Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs." CC BY-SA 4.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs%23/media/File:MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg View on Boundless.com
Watson's "Little Albert" experiment

In Watson's famous experiment, he taught an infant to be afraid of a fur coat, among other things, through the process of conditioning.
Wikipedia. "Little-albert." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little-albert.jpg View on Boundless.com
Maslow's hierarchy of needs

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a person must first have their lower-level, physical needs met before they can progress to fulfilling higher-level,
psychological needs.
Wikipedia. "Maslow." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maslow's_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg View on Boundless.com
White American culture

Populations that are Western, educated, and industrialized tend to be overrepresented in psychological research. By studying only a narrow range of
human culture, psychologists fail to account for a substantial amount of variation.
Wikipedia. "WhiteAmerican." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WhiteAmerican.jpg View on Boundless.com
Educational psychology
Educational psychology aims to provide the best education for all students, regardless of ability, by studying how humans learn in educational settings.
School psychology is essentially the application of educational psychology in schools.
Wikimedia. "FEMA - 40000 - Centredale Elementary students receiving STEP program." Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_40000_-_Centredale_Elementary_students_receiving_STEP_program.jpg View on Boundless.com
Jean Piaget
Piaget is best known for his stage theory of cognitive development.
Wikipedia. "Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Piaget_in_Ann_Arbor.png View on Boundless.com
Counseling psychology
Counseling psychologists focus on the assessment and treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders.
Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Geneticcounseling.jpg View on Boundless.com
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov is best known for his classical conditioning experiments with dogs.
Wikipedia. "Ivan Pavlov NLM3." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg View on Boundless.com
Biology, psychology, and society shape our lives

Psychology seeks to understand how psychological factors interact with sociocultural and biological factors to influence individual development.
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http://boundless-prod-cms-figure-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/9ce00e48-5aa3-45fd-906e-e6930be6bd23 View on Boundless.com
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection has been highly influential in the field of evolutionary psychology.
Wikimedia. "Charles Darwin 01." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
MRI of the human brain

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the head are often used to help psychologists understand the links between brain and behavior.
Wikimedia. "MRI brain." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MRI_brain.jpg View on Boundless.com
Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt is considered by many to be the founder of psychology. He laid the groundwork for what would later become the theory of structuralism.
Wikimedia. "Wilhelm Wundt." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg View on Boundless.com
Freud's theory of the unconscious

Freud believed that we are only aware of a small amount of our mind’s activity, and that most of it remains hidden from us in our unconscious. The
information in our unconscious affects our behavior, although we are unaware of it.
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud developed the field of psychoanalytic psychology and the psychosexual theory of human development.
http://Wikimedia. Public domain http://Wikimedia View on Boundless.com
Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers was one of the early pioneers of humanistic psychology, and is best known for his person-centered approach to therapy.
Wikia. "Image - Carl Rogers.jpg - Psychology Wiki." CC BY-SA http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/File:Carl_Rogers.jpg View on Boundless.com
Brain-imaging techniques
Different brain-imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human brain functions. Three types of scans include
(left to right) PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). (credit
“left”: modification of work by Health and Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Psychology 101—Wundt and James: structuralism and functionalism

Here, the foundations of structuralism and functionalism are contrasted. Structuralism's reliance on introspection eventually proved unscientific.
Functionalism's emphasis on the scientific study of the adaptive functions of behaviors and mental processes advanced the study of psychology as a
science.
Reports of autism are on the rise

Reports of autism cases per 1,000 children increased dramatically in the US from 1996 to 2007. It is unknown how much, if any, of this growth is due to
changes in autism's actual incidence (as opposed to changes in the rate of reporting).
Wikipedia. "US-autism-6-17-1996-2007." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-autism-6-17-1996-2007.png View on Boundless.com
Primates and comparative psychology

The study of chimpanzees using tools to gather food is an example of a potential area of research in comparative psychology.
Wikipedia. "Chimpanzee and stick." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chimpanzee_and_stick.jpg View on Boundless.com
Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging has been helpful in many areas of psychology, particularly in the subfield of biological psychology. This image depicts the location of the
hypothalamus using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Wikipedia. "Hypothalamus." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypothalamus.jpg View on Boundless.com
Pineal gland
Descartes suggested that the pineal gland was the point of contact between mind and body.
Wikimedia Commons. "Pineal Gland." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pineal_Gland_and_Pituitary_Body.jpg View on Boundless.com
Attribution
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https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion
• Wikibooks. "Positive Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Positive_Psychology
• Wikibooks. "Contemporary Education PsychologyChapter 3: Student Development/Social Development: Relationships and
Personal Motives." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Contemporary_Educational_Psychology/Chapter_3:_Student_Development/Social_Development:
_Relationships_and_Personal_Motives
• Wikipedia. "Personality Psychology." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology

• Wikipedia. "Social Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Psychology/Social Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Social_Psychology
• Wikipedia. "Comparative Psychology." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychology
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Introduction To Psychology

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Introduction To Psychology

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Study and Careers in Psychology

Introduction to the Field of Psychology

Theoretical Perspectives in Modern Psychology

Study and Careers in Psychology

• neurological Dealing with the brain or the study of the brain.

Continuous vs. discontinuous development

DSM disorders and their prevalence

The brain of a cat

Plato and Aristotle

The id, ego, and superego

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Watson's "Little Albert" experiment

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

White American culture

Biology, psychology, and society shape our lives

MRI of the human brain

Freud's theory of the unconscious

Psychology 101—Wundt and James: structuralism and functionalism

Reports of autism are on the rise

Primates and comparative psychology

• Wikipedia. "Female Hysteria." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_hysteria

• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Psychology/Evolutionary Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0

• WIKIPEDIA. "Psychologist." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist

• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 13, 2015." CC BY 4.0

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