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1 Public Finanace Lectures Part 1
1 Public Finanace Lectures Part 1
1 Public Finanace Lectures Part 1
Course Teacher:
Md. Ahasan Uddin
Assistant Professor
Dept of Accounting & Information Systems
University of Dhaka
Objectives of this Module
To know about the public goods and private goods with its
characteristics
2
Economic Activites and the State
3
Economic Activites and the State
C--d
Which goods are to be produced, at what quantity, how to be
produced and how the produced goods to be distributed depend
on the type of the economy. Based on the economic systems
of a country, the role of the government of that country is
ascertained.
Economic Systems:
• Capitalist economy
• Socialist economy
• Mixed economy
4
Economic Activites and the State
c---d
Arguments behind presence of State Sector, because of-
Market Failures in unregulated market mechanism;
9
Public Goods Vs Private Goods
i. Externalities:
Economic effects for production or use. Economic
effects may also be called Spill-over effects,
neighbourhood effects or third party effects
Effects may be pecuniary or technological (non-
pecuniary)
Effects affect the prices
Effects (negative) create cost to the Society rather
than Individual undertakings (Pollution by factories,
railways, vehicles etc)
Pure Public Goods- are characterised by the existence of
11 Externalities.
Public Goods Vs Private Goods
1. Market-external effect-
The losers/ (beneficiaries) can be identified and
compensated (Charged) for the same
2. Non-market external effect
Individual economic units can not be identified and
compensated/(charged) for loss or gains
12
Public Goods Vs Private Goods
Public Goods:
With non-market external effect: Should in the hand of
Public Sector
With market-external effect: May be left in the hand of
Private Sector. Why?
Private Goods:
Supposed not to have any externalities. So Should be
entrusted to the Private Sector.
13
Public Goods Vs Private Goods
14
Scope of Govt Activity
Theoretical angles:
Constraints for Govt in providing public goods-
1. Resource constraints
2. Inefficiency of administration
3. Lack of incentive and initiative
4. Political and social acceptability of govt policies
So the scope of economic activities by the State can not be
determined only with reference to the publicness of goods.
It is because there is a inevitably an interdependence and
interaction between the State and Private Sectors.
16
Scope of Govt Activity
17
Objectives of this Session
18
Meaning and Scope of Public Finance
19
Meaning and Scope of Public Finance
20
The Subject Matter of Public Finance
21
The Subject Matter of Public Finance
22
Public Finance vs. Private Finance
Similarities:
• Related to satisfying wants
• Borrowing and repayment of debts
• Surrounded by economic activities such as production,
investment and exchanges
• Maximization of welfare from the resources used in
financing
• Creation of financial assets.
23
Public Finance vs. Private Finance
Dissimilarities:
• Point of Difference
• 1. Income and expenditure policy
• 2. Sources of revenues
• 3. Compulsory acquisition of resources
• 4. Forms of borrowing
• 5. Rate of interest on borrowing
• 6. Creation of currency
• 7. Principle of financing
24
Public Finance vs. Private Finance
Dissimilarities:
• Point of Difference
• 8. Budget planning
• 9. Environmental influence
• 10. Relationship between expenditure and
welfare
• 11. Time period of expenditure
• 12. Publicity of income and expenditure
account
• 13. Effect of income and expenditure
25 • 14. Provision of insolvency
Importance of Public Finance
This theory deals with the question of the Size of public budget or
the boundaries of State activities;
27
Principle of Maximum Social Advantage-
Assumptions
1. Every tax caused a disutility to the society on account of the fact
of a resource transfer from the society to the State. The welfare
of the society suffered accordingly.
2. All taxes drain economy's resources and that all public expenses
restore these resources to the economy.
3. The public revenue consists of only taxes and the State has no
surplus or deficit budget.
4. Public expenditure is subject to diminishing marginal social
benefits and taxes are subject to increasing marginal social
disutility or cost
Due to increase its taxation and expenditure activities, the social
benefits from each additional money spent fall, while
dissatiosfaction
28 for each additional money taxed increass.
Principle of Maximum Social Advantage-
Assumptions
This way, a stage will be reached when the raising marginal
dissatisfaction of taxation becomes equal to the falling marginal
benefits of expenditure.
The State should stop expending its activities at this stage.
So here,
Marginal Social Benefits=Marginal Social Costs
29
Principle of Maximum Social Advantage-
Limitations
1. Capitalistic view is wrong. State is not something external to the
economy
2. State must have basic function with out which very existence of
the society can not be guaranteed (Defense, public overhead
etc). In that case benefit exceeds the cost of maintenance.
3. Every tax is not a burden to the society
4. Spill over effect
5. Do not destroy or creation of resource just transfer
6. Have other source of revenue
7. Committed expenses
8. Balanced budget
30
Public Revenue-General Consideration
Govt needs fund to finance its activities which raised from various
sources such as taxes, currency, borrowing, fees, fine etc.
Public receipts includes receipts from all sources while Public revenue
is a narrower concept and excludes public borrowings, income from
sale of public assets, receipts from the use of printing press.
31
Public Revenue-General Consideration
Division of Public Receipts
Revenue Receipts Public Capital Receipts
Receipts
Tax Revenue
Non-tax Revenue Market Borrowings
Grant, donations,
Indirect Tax Others-
deposits, Govt. PF
32
Tax Revenue and Non-tax Revenue:
What is Tax?
“Tax” is derived from French word “taxe” which also means ‘tax’.
Etymologically Latin word “taxare” is related to ‘tax’, which means
“to charge”, i.e., “to demand or exact as a price etc.”
33
Tax Revenue and Non-tax Revenue:
What is Tax? Co----d
“… a tax is a compulsory contribution imposed by a public authority,
irrespective of the exact amount of service rendered to the tax
payer in return, and not imposed as a penalty for any legal
offence” – H. Dalton (1971).
34
Tax Revenue and Non-tax Revenue:
Tax- Characteristics
1. Non-penal
2. Compulsory levy
3. Sources of public revenue
4. Direct unrequited
5. Representation by the Government
6. Transfer of resources from the private to the public sector
7. Predetermined criteria
8. Instrument for achieving special objectives
35
Various Terms Related to Tax
It may be useful to define various terms which are used
interchangeably with the term “tax” as follows:
• Duty: Tax on commodity, i.e., goods and services (e.g., excise duty).
• Toll: Tax given for using property of other person (e.g., toll on use of
road or any bridge).
• Cess: Tax in relation to any goods for specific purpose (e.g., cess on
sugarcane in India).
• Tariff: Tax or duty on goods imported and exported.
• Rate: Tax imposed by a local authority (e.g., municipal authority) on
its inhabitants or on the owners of property situated in the area of
that local authority.
36
Various Terms Related to Tax
• Assessment: The term refers to tax and something in addition to tax. Usually, any tax against which there is a
direct return is called ‘assessment’ (e.g., National Insurance Contribution in the UK).
• Imposition: Any tax or duty imposed according to legislative provisions or any Act passed by the Legislative
Assembly.
• Levy: Any tax, assessment, or fee imposed or collected. But fee is not a tax. The term ‘levy’ may be used for both
‘imposition’ and ‘tax-determination’.
• Charge: The price taken for providing any goods and services. In case of pure public goods (e.g., defense
service), it is difficult to take price. The cost of these services is borne by collecting tax and hence, tax is a charge.
•
37
Tax Vs Price
• Price-Charge for service
• Special assessment- Unearned increment
• Fines
• Fees
• Profit
38
Tax Base
39
Buoyancy and Elasticity of a Tax
41
Principles of Taxation /Canon of Taxation
44
Role of Taxation in Economic Development
Taxes are of various types, when it is classified on the basis of different things
as follows:
1. Number of taxes:
• Single tax: When a country has only one tax, it refers to single tax.
• Multiple tax: When a country has more than one tax, it refers to multiple
tax.
2. Impact and incidence of taxes:
– Direct tax: When both the impact and incidence of tax fall on same
person or entity, it is called direct tax (e.g., income tax, wealth tax, gift
tax, inheritance tax etc.).
– Indirect tax: When the impact and incidence of tax fall on different
persons or entities, it is called indirect tax (e.g., value added tax,
customs duty, business turnover tax, etc.).
46
Classification of Taxes con--d
tax.
Classification of Taxes con--d
Proportional tax:
49
Classification of Taxes con--d
Progressive tax:
50
Classification of Taxes con--d
Regressive tax:
30,000 2,700 9% 8%
51
Classification of Taxes con--d
Degressive tax:
When certain amount of tax base is exempted then it can be found
degression of taxation.
Two forms of degression can be seen-
1. Certain amount of tax base is exempted and a single tax rate is
applied to the rest
2. The rate schedule does not raise fast enough as the tax base
increase
52
Classification of Taxes con--d
tax.
Classification of Taxes con--d
6. Classification of tax-bases:
– Tax on income: When tax is imposed on income of the
taxpayer, then it is called tax on income.
– Tax on wealth: When tax is imposed on wealth of a taxpayer
being the owner of the wealth, then it is called tax on wealth.
– Tax on transaction: When tax is imposed on the value of a
transaction or on the quantity of goods or services under a
transaction, then it is called tax on transaction. The tax is called
ad valorem tax if it is imposed on the value of a transaction, and
it is called specific tax if it is imposed on the quantity of goods or
services transacted.
– Tax on people: When a tax is imposed per capita, then it is
55called tax on people or head/poll tax.
Classification of Taxes con--d
Impact of a Tax: Impact of a tax is its first point of contact with the taxpayers.
It is upon those who bear the first responsibility of paying it to the
authorities, that is those have statutory responsibility of paying it to the
Government.
Incidence of a Tax: Incidence of a tax is defined as its final resting place. It is
to be seen and judged in terms of money burden of the tax. To put it
differently, the incidence of a tax is upon those economic units which finally
bear the money burden of it and which are not able to pass it on to others.
Incidence lies upon that final source from which tax money come
Effect of a tax: For tax, it involves certain responses from taxpayers and the
economy. Such responses can be of great variety and can profoundly
influence the working of the economy in terms of production, growth,
savings, investment, choice of techniques of production, regional
imbalances,
57 inequalities of income and wealth, and so on. These responses
and their results are collectively called the effects of that tax.
Various Effect of Tax
Burden of Tax
58
Effect of a tax
• The impact refers to the initial bearing of the tax while incidence
refers to the ultimate bearing of the tax.
• Impact is felt by the taxpayer at the point of imposition of the tax,
while the incidence is felt by the taxpayer at the point of
settlement or rest of the tax.
• The impact of the tax is felt by the person from whom the tax is
collected, while the incidence is felt by the person who actually
bears the tax liability.
• Impact of a tax can be shifted, but the incidence of a tax cannot
be shifted.
60
Incidence vs. Effect of a tax
61
Shifting of Tax Incidence