JOSE P.

LAUREL
An Annotated Bio-Bibliography,
1918-1974
 1922 - The Cabinet Member

1935 - The Supreme Court Justice

1943 - The President

1946 - The Prisoner

1949 - The Presidential Candidate

1951 - The Senator

JOSE P. LAUREL
(1891-1959)
 ......Filipinos now have the historical perspective to
make an assessment of Laurel as leader and as a man
of many parts. In the language of our time, he has
been 'rehabilitated,' but his works and his labors
have yet to be compiled in one volume or in a series.

Leaders like Laurel are rarely come by. It is the duty

of the scholars to take up the challenge, to perform
the thankless task of creating a body of literature on
one of the Philippines’ greatest men.

JOSE P. LAUREL "Editorial", Manila Times

(1891-1959)
March 9, 1968
 • wartime president of the country
• jurist
• educator
• parliamentarian
• economist
• statesman
• nationalist
• humanist
• scholar
• a leader of his people

JOSE P. LAUREL
(1891-1959)
 His life and all that he stood and fought for is the
testimony of his people's character and ideals, a
source of inspiration and pride of his country and
race.

His place in history is secure and his contribution to

welfare of nation is such that few men can withhold
their respect and admiration for him.

Rare too, the Filipino would not wish to emulate

him.
JOSE P. LAUREL
(1891-1959)
 An outstanding figure in national life, Laurel's
works as a giant in the field of law and politics and
an intense nationalist in his educational philosophy
will always serve as an inspiration for scholars and
leaders.

JOSE P. LAUREL
(1891-1959)
 THE LIFE OF
JOSE P. LAUREL
 THE LIFE OF JOSE P. LAUREL

Greatness is a quality reserved only for a few.

Fewer are the great that richly deserved the
esteem and admiration of the many. In life, Jose
P. Laurel was a giant among the greats of his
time. Greater in death, his life and career gave
added luster and honor to his country and
people.
 THE LIFE OF JOSE P. LAUREL

A model family man, a steadfast friend, and

educator par excellence, a scholar and thinker,
economist. jurist, statesman and a nationalist of
the finest brand, Jose P. Laurel was singularly
unique in long list of country's great men. “Here
is a brilliant man below whose ken appeared the
speaking ghosts of Rizal, Bonifacio, the Del
Pilars, Malvar, the Lunas, Lakandula, Tandang
Sora, Tavera and several others, and Quezon and
his contemporaries thrown in for good measure.”
 THE LIFE OF JOSE P. LAUREL

A leader of his people during darkest period of

its history, he showed a courage and patriotism
that is a lesson in sublime sacrifice. In his
lifetime, he was a leading actor-on-the-stage of
nation building. untiringly teaching by example
the virtues that should make his people and
country great.
 THE LIFE OF JOSE P. LAUREL

He saw the light of day on March 9. 1891 in

historic town of Tanauan, Batangas. The second
child and second son of five children of Sotero
Laurel and Jacoba Garcia, he came into an era
when intense nationalism and the dream of
nationhood of free men were the pervading
sentiments gripping the entire country. He grew
up in this atmosphere and deeply imbibed the
messianic aspirations of his countrymen. It is
perhaps of historic significance that where the
father, Sotero Laurel, left, the son should carry
on the task.
 HIS PARENTS
Sotero Laurel and Jacoba Garcia

Jacoba Garcia
Sotero Laurel
Sotero Laurel, scion of an illustrious family of Tanauan, Batangas,
studied law at University of Sto. Tomas. He had dreams of pursuing
his studies in Spain, where intellectuals, rich and the leaders of his
county sought knowledge and recognition. His father's death,
changed his plans as he was left with task of looking after the affairs
of the family. He married Jacoba Garcia, a sweet, mild-mannered
and thoughtful girl of his town.

He was aware and felt the abuses of Spaniards so it is inevitable for

him to be involved in revolutionary activities. He was one of the
original members of the “Los Cincos”, a secret revolutionary
organization whose aim was to gather more members for fight for
freedom. Marcelo H. del Pilar was also one of the original members.
It was through this organization that Emilio Aguinaldo learned of the
activities of Sotero Laurel in the revolutionary movement.
When Aguinaldo established his revolutionary government at Bacoor, Cavite, he made
Sotero Laurel his Undersecretary of Interior. Sotero Laurel was also member of the
Malolos Congress which drew and signed the Constitution of the first Philippine
Republic. When Americans came to replace Spaniards, he was again
on battlefront fighting new enemy. He was captured and incarcerated
and died in a camp established by Americans. He did not live to see
result of his struggle. He left a wife and five young children.
Jacoba Garcia, his widowed wife and mother to his children, was a
loving and patient woman brought up in motherly traditions of her time.
She was gifted with such unconsuming patience and love for the young
and truant son Jose that long after her death Jose Laurel was to
remain loyal to his promise of wearing a black tie all his life
out of his love and respect for her and her memory.

Emilio Aguinaldo
 LAUREL AS A
YOUNG MAN AND
STUDENT
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

Orphaned at young and tender age, he cause his mother deep concern
for his safety, welfare and future. He found more interest in
countryside, hunting and swimming in rivers, than attending classes.

Having developed taste for music at an early age, he would rather

devote his time to his guitar and violin than his studies, to great
anguish and concern of his mother and exasperation of his teachers.
"His sentimental nature only deepened his appreciation for the
aching notes he drew out of his violin. Having poor eyesight, he
cared little for books."'
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

His abhorrence for classroom was his way of rebelling against harsh
system of discipline of Spanish system of education. His teachers
gave up on him.

He was obsessed with desire to possess magic of "anting-anting," he

posted himself in cemetery waiting for sign that would give him
power to be immune from harm. The next morning, he was found
half-conscious and bleeding. These experiences, had profound effect
on character and attitude of Jose P. Laurel. He developed a strong
will and courage.
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

He became more aware of limited opportunities for his ambitions in

his hometown. He felt he had outgrown limited confines of his
carefree days. Manila, central place for intellectual advancement,
beckoned to him.

He study at San Juan de Letran, where his father had studied. He got
good marks in some subjects, like Latin and Algebra. Jose failed his
first year in Letran because a failure in one subject becomes a failure
in all. This was a disappointment to his mother who placed high
expectation in young boy and hoped that he would follow in his
father's footsteps.
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

He felt humiliated knowing he had hurt his mother deeply. He

realized how thin line lay between success and failure. He found out
that the subject that caused his failure were those that were affected
by his engagements with the hometown orchestra. He drop his
participation with orchestra and got himself another job and
transferred to Manila High School.

His initial failure at Letran is significant as it almost caused him his

self-destruction. He had fallen in love with a belle in his hometown
and the thought of his failure humiliated him.
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

While studying at Manila High School he had to work for his school fare. Among his
classmates at were Elpidio Quirino, whom many years later he had to fight in political
battle, General Basilio Valdez, and others who later became stalwarts in their respective
careers. Because of inexperience, he had no choice but to settle
for a job where he felt his little knowledge of Latin would keep him in good
stead. He worked in church as an acolyte to pay for his room and board.
The daily early morning chores in church greatly influenced his life.
His daily participation at mass as "sacristan" deeply cut in him the virtues
of self-sacrifice, self-effacement and humility. These virtues were to
mark him as sharply different from the other great men of our time.

Elpidio
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

At 19, he look for another job and he found at Bureau of Forestry.

Working as laborer, arranging and classifying specimens, he earned
forty centavos a day. The salary being hardly enough to support
himself in his daily needs.

He limited himself to wearing "khaki" to school and work and it

earned many jokes in school and at moniker "scout", but he still
managed to earn high grades. This gave him confidence and pride so
that to young Jose a holiday was always a sought-after respite and
the time to be home "to lay at his mother's feet the real academic
glory he had won... and to meet face to face with his reproaches"
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

In 1911, he graduated from high school with high honors. In same year he married
Paciencia Hidalgo, a beautiful, patient and understanding lass of his town. At the same
time, he enrolled in College of Law at University of the Philippines.
Because he had to work his law course and with responsibility of
supporting a family, he looked for another job. He found one at Office
of the Code Committee. He developed kinship of mind with man who
headed the Committee, Justice Thomas Atkins Street, whose philosophy
greatly influenced him. It was during tutelage of the outstanding
American lawyer that he came into association with other great
legal minds such as Francisco Ortigas and Manuel Araullo,
who became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the
Philippines.

Paciencia Hidalgo
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

While taking law course in English at University of the Philippines,

he also enrolled at Escuela de Derecho, a law school in Spanish, to
help in his work at Code Committee which involved codifying
statutes in Spanish. He obtained high grades in law at UP and
graduated in 1915 as an honor student. He had distinction of
submitting best thesis of year. In same year, he took bar examination
and nearly topped the list of successful examinees.

He also got himself a position at Executive Bureau in Malacanang

while continuing his studies at Escuela de Derecho where he
obtained Doctor of Jurisprudence degree in 1918. He had held at
Code Committee. At Executive Bureau, he earned a government
scholarship to United States.
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

He sailed for United States in 1918 together with other Filipino pensionados who were to
become great men of the country. He matriculated at Yale University, bent on mastering
constitutional law. Armed with same zeal and determination
that flushed him out from his truant days in his hometown, he made
name for himself in campus of the famous American University.

His intellectual prowess earned him a position as staff member in

prestigious Yale Law Review, a respected journal in legal profession.
The singular distinction was rewarded with degree of Doctor of
Civil Laws, "...a degree that Yale University was thereafter to
reserve only for graduates with unusually high scholastic record
and extra-curricular activities"
Jose P. Laurel in Yale
LAUREL AS A YOUNG MAN AND STUDENT

Fresh from his studies and successes in Yale, he proceeded to

Washington, D.C. where he stayed for a while and was duly admitted
on motion to the Bar. From the United States he sailed to Europe, on
the way home, to take specialized studies in the legal and advanced
political philosophies at the famous universities of Oxford in England
and Sorbonne in France. When he returned to the Philippines and took
a position as a government man, he was at the time one of the very
few with a high degree of education.

Jose P. Laurel in Yale

 LAUREL AS A MAN,
FATHER AND HUSBAND
The Filipino people know much about Dr. Laurel's record as a public servant, but little
about him as a husband and father.
LAUREL AS A MAN, FATHER AND HUSBAND

• Jose P. Laurel's resolve to correct himself was good measure of his strong will and
headstrong courage.
• It also served him in good stead during horrifying Japanese occupation
• Gentle as father that he was to his brood of nine children, he imposed same
dedication and spirit that he had.
• He built solid family that is a
model of his country and his
own philosophy.

Seated, from left to right: Rosenda (Mrs. Avancena), Doña Paciencia, President
Laurel, Natividad (Mrs. Guinto), and Potenciana (Mrs. Ypuangco).

Standing, from left to right: Salvador (former Senator, Assemblyman, and Vice-
President), Sotero (former President of Lyceum, former Assemblyman, and former
Senate President Pro Tempore), Jose B. Jr. (former Speaker of the House), Jose S.
III (former Ambassador to Japan), Mariano (banker), and Arsenio (race car driver).
President Jose P. Laurel and his wife, Paciencia, with their children.
LAUREL AS A MAN, FATHER AND HUSBAND

• Discipline and respect for elders that he imposed were matched

by his deep devotion to his loving wife and constant companion.
• He acted as nurse to his ailing wife.
• He revealed himself to Leon 0. Ty of Philippine
Free Press during one of his interviews.

The love was strong so when late President

Magsaysay named him Chairman of Philippine
Economic Mission to United States (PEMUS)
he finally consented only after deciding to take
along his ailing wife. Laurel with his wife Pacencia
Hidalgo at home.
LAUREL AS A PUBLIC
SERVANT
 LAUREL AS A PUBLIC
SERVANT

Dr. Jose P. Laurel was the only Filipino to reach top-rung positions in
all three branches of our government.

• In pre-war legislature, he served as majority floor leader in

Senate.
• In Judiciary, he was Acting Chief Justice of Supreme Court
before World War II
• In, Executive Branch he was the wartime President of
Philippines. He served these all with undisputed luster.
 LAUREL AS A PUBLIC
SERVANT

• Started his government service as mere laborer in Bureau of Forestry.

• After graduating, he found another job at Code Committee.
• He left this position to pursue his studies in United States as
government pensionado.
• Upon his return to Philippines he resumed his career in
government as clerk and later as chief of the Executive Bureau.
• In 1922 he rose to position of Undersecretary of Interior under
administration of Governor Leonard Wood.
• Ten months later he was appointed Secretary of the Interior.
 LAUREL AS A PUBLIC
SERVANT
In 1923, at the age of 32, and youngest member of cabinet,
he resigned from his position on a question of principle.
His resignation triggered a crisis which resulted in mass
resignation of all Filipino members of General Wood's
cabinet.

Two years later, he ran for senator representing fifth district

and won. While in Senate he showed his bubbling capacity
as young intellectual with independence of mind. In
succeeding election of 1931, he lost his reelection bid on
issue of taxation of religious estates which he strongly
espoused in Senate.
 LAUREL AS A PUBLIC
SERVANT
• Ran as delegate to constitutional convention in 1943 and won.
• One of leading luminaries of convention, having been the chairman of the Drafting
Committee.
• He almost single-handedly wrote Bill of Rights provision of Constitution.
• This achievement earned the distinction as one of "Seven Wise Men" of 1934
Constitutional Convention.
• As a reward for drafting the 1934 Constitution, President Quezon appointed him,
with Claro M. Recto, as justice of Supreme Court of Philippines in 1935.
• His stint in Supreme Court produced some gems in court literature and marked his
special interest in social justice.
• One special case which bears marked resemblance to his own experience was case of
Ferdinand E. Marcos whom he saved from possible ruin and ignominy. It was a very
significant decision for the man whom he saved from jail was to profess his gratitude
to the man who saved his life
 LAUREL AS A PUBLIC
SERVANT
• In 1941, as war were gathering over the Philippines, President Quezon pulled Jose P.
Laurel from Supreme Court to make him his Secretary of Justice, and a member of
his War Cabinet.
• He was made acting Chief Justice of Supreme Court while serving as Secretary of
Justice.
• When war broke out, and with imminent defeat of Fil-American forces, President
Quezon assembled his War Cabinet for final instructions.
• On Jose P. Laurel fell burden of executing Quezon's instruction of staying behind and
protecting civilian population from cruelties of Japanese invaders.
• At outset of Japanese occupation and at Japanese high command, prominent Filipinos
were called to organize a governing body known as Executive Commission, Jose P.
Laurel was appointed as Commissioner of Justice, the same position he held in
Quezon's war time cabinet.
 LAUREL AS A PUBLIC
SERVANT
• In 1942, he was the Commissioner of Interior,
whereas Benigno Aquino, Sr. was made Vice-
President of Executive Commission and
Director-General of KALIBAPI.
• He almost lost his life in an assassination attempt
on him while he was playing golf at Wack-Wack
Golf and Country Club.
• In constant danger and resentful of attack on his life, he did not consent to Japanese
demands to kill or jail those suspected of having something to do with the cowardly
attempt on his life.
• This incident reveals true metal of Laurel's character. It is truism that supreme test of
man's mettle is when death stares him in face.
• He consumed with patriotic courage of finest order, who stood up to harsh and brutal
demand of barbaric occupying enemy.
 LAUREL AS A PUBLIC
SERVANT

As a glowing tribute the Manila Times says in its editorial of November 7,1959:

He and he alone risked the contumely and stigma attached to working with the invader, a
mission which brought him, together with a dubious distinction he never sought, the
knowledge that he had truly carried out his mission: the protection of his fellow-
countrymen. This and this alone was his goal in accepting a burden that would have
crushed a smaller-spirited man."
LAUREL, THE
PRESIDENT
LAUREL, THE PRESIDENT

• Elected as Chairman of Preparatory Commission to prepare for the great independence

to the Philippines by Japanese.
• In September 1943, he was elected President of Philippine Republic.
• Faced with problems of scarcity of food, growing uneasiness of people,
increasing brutalities of occupation forces and pressure the
Japanese officials bore, he had to employ all means within his
command to tide his people over hardships
• With courage, sacrifice and control of critical situation, he succeeded
many times in outwitting the Japanese and doggedly refusing to
knuckle the Japanese dictation
• Interference in his administration, motivated and goaded solely with
thought of survival of his own people.
LAUREL, THE PRESIDENT

• The end of war found him, with some of his associates in war-time government, in
Japan, and in jail, not because he refused to declare war against United States and allow
his countrymen to be conscripted to Japanese army and war, but
because Americans accused him of collaboration with the Japanese.
• Isolated from his family and countrymen and languishing in
Japanese jail for more than a year while awaiting adjudication and
disposition of his case by the American occupation forces and his
own government, he found time and peace within the confine of
his prison cell to write his memoirs.
LAUREL, THE PRESIDENT
• He did across pages of book, The World in 2030 AD by
Earl of Birkenhead, handed over to him by his young
son, Salvador Laurel.
• In July 1946, Laurel and other members of his party
charged with collaboration were brought back to
Philippines to face charges filed against them in
Philippine courts.
• Arriving in military transport plane, he was mobbed by
great throng of people who welcomed him with loving
sympathy as their hero.
• In court trials, government case against Laurel was
unpopular and generated so much heat and divisive rather
than unifying that President Roxas was forced to issue
general amnesty proclamation covering all political
offenses committed during the war.
LAUREL, THE PRESIDENT

• He was cheated of his chance to prove his innocence of charge

• Laurel threw himself into another battle—the struggle against grant of parity rights to
Americans.
• In 1946, Laurel vigorously opposed Roxas sponsored move to amend Constitution in
order to give Americans equal rights with Filipinos in exploitation of the nation's natural
resources.
• His opposition was on ground that an amendment was tantamount to mortgaging
national patrimony.
• This fight put him squarely against President Roxas, his compadre and close
collaborator during war. He lost the fight but consequent events proved his cause was
right.
LAUREL, THE PRESIDENT

• In 1949, Nacionalista Party drafted him as standard bearer of party for presidency of the
Philippines.
• It was bitter fight between him and Elpidio Quirino. Laurel won people's vote but lost
count in what was considered as most fraudulent election procedure committed in
country.
• Running for senator in succeeding election of 1951, he gathered highest majority and
number of votes ever received by candidate up to that time and served to vindicate him
from ignominy of collaboration issue and fraudulent elections of 1949 to which he never
conceded defeat.
LAUREL AS A
LEGISLATOR
 LAUREL AS A LEGISLATOR
• After twenty years since his first stint in Senate, Laurel's second term was marked
with dedicated legislative maturity.
"He authored and sponsored fundamental legislations which are Republic Act No. 1425,
included in curriculum of all public and private colleges and universities courses on life
and works of Jose Rizal, particularly Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo and
Republic Act No. 1124 that created by Board of National Education charged with duty
of formulating general educational policies and directing educational interests of our
nation".

• During his second stint in Senate, he found occasion to publish his thoughts and
ideas on education in his book entitled Moral and Educational Orientation for
Filipinos.
• Legislature of Philippines during Laurel's terms in it was made all richer by glow of
his giant mind.
LAUREL AS AN
EDUCATOR
LAUREL AS AN EDUCATOR

• A man of multi-faceted talents, he was dedicated educator.

• He was one of the best known educators of the country, having served for many years as
classroom teacher, Chancellor of National Teachers College,
and later was founder and president of Lyceum of the Philippines.
• He was also sought after lecturer in many universities and colleges
in Manila for many years.
• Education to him was an unending challenge to national greatness.

In his book Educational Orientation for Filipinos, he discussed

"the grass-roots of our people" as only valid starting point of educational
system for Filipinos.
LAUREL AS AN EDUCATOR

• He bewailed the fact that our educational system is not responsive to

needs of people and adapted to their idiosyncrasies, customs and
traditions. He said: "The only possible remedy to this colonial mentality
of our people is assertive nationalism which means loyalty to our
history, loyalty to the institutions and traditions of our country and the
veneration to everything Filipino".
• As an educator his admiration for the work of a teacher was such that
be remained a passionate teacher.
 LAUREL AS A
STATESMAN AND
ECONOMIST
LAUREL AS A STATESMAN AND ECONOMIST
• His concern for his countrymen during darkest period were
demonstrative of his highest degree of patriotism and
statesmanship.
• He delved in economic theories which he expressed in
some of his speeches and writings.
• His first encounter with economic planning was during
Japanese occupation when he served as President of
Philippines and country was in hunger and disease.
• One reasons for refusing to allow conscription of Filipinos
was his belief that to accede to Japanese demand should
jeopardize his food production program and lead to sure
starvation of people.
• His whole and sole purpose in leading his people was to
save them from starvation.
LAUREL AS A STATESMAN AND ECONOMIST

• The economic philosophy of Laurel lay dormant but, as

great ideas would have it, it would find its way to surface
and challenge curiosity of inquiring minds.
"The truth and validity of what he envisioned during his
lifetime is now being perceived by those who doubted its
efficacy".
• Application of his theory is now foregone conclusion and
is reaping benefits for country.
 LAUREL AS A STATESMAN AND ECONOMIST

• In early 1950's, after assumption to presidency of Ramon

Magsaysay, the man he chose to run in his stead, Laurel
was persuaded by President Magsaysay to lead an
economic delegation to United States to seek revision of
onerous provisions of the Bell Trade Act of 1946
• He had misgivings in accepting appointment as he felt
American people had not yet forgotten the issues raised
Laurel with Recto and Magsaysay
against him as result of his service during war.
LAUREL AS A STATESMAN AND ECONOMIST

• Laurel dutifully labored hard and by force of his dynamic leadership, and skill at
negotiation, he won the admiration and respect of his counter-part, Dr. James Langley,
and American people.
• After eight months of successful negotiation he came
back from the United States with the
revised trade agreement known as the
Laurel-Langley Agreement.

Laurel with Dr. James Langley

 LAUREL'S RETIREMENT FROM
PUBLIC LIFE AND SUBSEQUENT
DEATH
 LAUREL'S RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE AND SUBSEQUENT DEATH
• The rigors of travel and social engagements weakened Jose P. Laurel, so when he
returned to Philippines and after completion of his six-year term in Senate in 1957, he
retired to private life and to his passion—the molding of minds of youth of his land at
his private university, the Lyceum of the Philippines.

• Upon retirement, he never disassociated

himself from problem confronting his country.
Out of savings of his wife, he organized and
founded Philippine Banking Corporation
which he was the first president.
• It was during his daily walk to his office at
bank that he collapsed on pavement as result
of heart attack.
LAUREL'S RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE AND SUBSEQUENT DEATH

• On November 6, 1959, death claimed Dr. Jose P. Laurel,

one of the greatest and perhaps most controversial
political figure in contemporary Philippine history.
• It is said that Dr. Laurel had compact with his wife—that
if ever any one of them would be ill and near death, one
would only call other's name and would regain
consciousness.
• He never had chance to call his wife, and as dutifully as
they had been to each other in their long blissful life
together, his wife followed him not long after his death.
LAUREL'S RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE AND SUBSEQUENT DEATH

• Great in life and greater in death can be truly said of Jose

P. Laurel.
• The soil of his land claimed back his flesh to grow richer
in hearts of his people, for by his example his ideals will
long live after him.
• Touched by his death and his inspiring leadership, his
people articulated by their leaders and his colleagues in
life, poured out their fullest and sincerest tribute and
deepest gratitude to the man.
• As tribute after tribute will bear witness to his greatness,
unerringly history will confirm what is said of him.
SELECTED EULOGIES, TRIBUTES AND
COMMENTS OF THE PRESS
• The Nation Owes Laurel Many Gifts of Greatness by Senator Ferdinand E. Marcos
• Dr. Laurel, A Builder of Friendship by Senator Gil J. Puyat
• Laurel, The Friend, The Patriot, The Man by Senator Pedro R. Sabido
• Greater in War than in Peace by Bartolome C. Cabangbang
• Glimpse of President Laurel by Ambrosio Padilla
• An American Appreciation of Dr. Jose P. Laurel
• Laurel's Devotion to Duty by Antonio G. Sison, M.D.
• Dr. Jose P. Laurel by Manila Times Editorial, 1959
• From Laurel's Pen by Daily Mirror Editorial, 1961
• Dr. Jose P. Laurel by Manila Chronicle Editorial, 1961
• Memo to the Boss by Philippine Herald, 1961
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