SOLAR

NAME BATC
H
CELL ROLL
NO.
Official Email ID

Ajinkya Gholve K1 11014 ajinkya.22010246@viit.ac.in

Vipul Chaure K1 11016 vipul.22010278@viit.ac.in
Swapnil Shinde K1 11018 swapnil.22010310@viit.ac.in
Aditya Bhatkar K1 11023 aditya.22010390@viit.ac.in
Department of Engineering & Applied Science

BRACT’S, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune-48

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
(NBA and NAAC accredited, ISO 9001:2015 certified)
 CONTENTS

Solar cell Fill Factor

Working of solar cell Exact determination of VMP

Solar power generation in

India Efficiency and peak power

Principle of solar cell

Material for solar cell

Solar PV system Types of solar cell on the basis

of crystal used
Components of solar PV
system Basic calculation

Operation of PV cell Conclusion

Technical specification of
Refrences
solar cell
 SOLAR CELL
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into
electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of
photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or
resistance, vary when exposed to light.

Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels. The
common single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately
0.5 to 0.6 volts. Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is
sunlight or an artificial light. In addition to producing energy, they can be used as a photodetector (for
example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or
measuring light intensity.
 WORKING OF SOLAR
CELL
Once the solar energy falls on a solar panel, then it absorbs. Each panel in the solar
panel includes semiconductor material to combine the properties of insulators and
metals. So it makes to convert the light energy into electrical.

Once the energy from the sun falls on the panel then a semiconductor absorbs, the
energy of photons transfers to electrons and allows the flow of electrons through the
material like an electrical current.
 Solar Power Generation In India

Including both ground and roof mounted plants, the country's installed solar power capacity was
39,083 MW as of 28 February 2021.Solar electricity generation from April 2019 to March 2020 was
50.1 TWh, or 3.6% of total generation (1,391 TWh).

Monthly solar power generation in India, April 2019 – March

2020
Annual solar power generation
 PRINCIPAL AND CONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR
CELL

The solar cells are based on the principles of photovoltaic effect. The Photovoltaic
Effect is the photogeneration of charge carriers in a light absorbing materials as a
result of absorption of light radiation.

The semiconductor materials like arsenide, indium, cadmium, silicon, selenium

and gallium are used for making the PV cells. Mostly silicon and selenium are
used for making the cell.

The upper surface of the cell is made of the thin layer of the p-type material so
that the light can easily enter into the material. The metal rings are placed
around p-type and n-type material which acts as their positive and negative
output terminals respectively.

The multi-crystalline or monocrystalline semiconductor material make the single

unit of the PV cell. The mono-crystal cell is cut from the volume of the
semiconductor material. The multicell are obtained from the material which has
many sides.
(100-500 µm) An optimum silicon solar cell with light trapping and very good surface
passivation is about 100 µm thick. However, thickness between 200 and 500µm are typically
used, partly for practical issues such as making and handling thin wafers, and partly for
surface passivation reasons.
 SOLAR PV
SYSTEM
 A photovoltaic (PV) system is composed of one or more solar panels combined with an inverter and other electrical and
mechanical hardware that use energy from the sun to generate electricity.

 PV systems can vary greatly in size from small rooftop or portable systems to massive utility-scale generation plants.
Although PV systems can operate by themselves as off-grid PV systems, this article focuses on systems connected to the
utility grid, or grid-tied PV systems.

 The light from the Sun, made up of packets of energy called photons, falls onto a solar panel and creates an electric
current through a process called the photovoltaic effect. Each panel produces a relatively small amount of energy, but can be
linked together with other panels to produce higher amounts of energy as a solar array.

 The electricity produced from a solar panel (or array) is in the form of direct current (DC). Although many electronic
devices use DC electricity, including your phone or laptop, they are designed to operate using the electrical utility
grid which provides (and requires) alternating current (AC).

 Therefore, in order for the solar electricity to be useful it must first be converted from DC to AC using an inverter. This AC
electricity from the inverter can then be used to power electronics locally, or be sent on to the electrical grid for use
elsewhere.
 COMPONENTS OF SOLAR PV
SYSTEM
1) Solar Module :- Solar Module is the essential component of any
solar PV system that converts sunlight directly into DC electricity

2) Charge Controller :- Solar Charge Controller regulates voltage

and current from solar arrays, charges the battery, prevents battery
from overcharging and also performs controlled over discharges.

3) Battery :- Battery stores current electricity that produces from

solar arrays for  using when sunlight is not visible, nighttime or other
purposes

4) Inverter :- Inverter is a critical component of any solar PV system

that converts DC power output of solar arrays into AC for AC
appliances

5) Lightning protection prevents electrical equipment's from

damages caused by lightning or induction of high voltage surge. It is
required for the large size and critical solar PV systems, which
include the efficient grounding.
Technical Specification Of Solar Cell
 OPERATION OF PV CELL

Solar PV cells generate electricity by

absorbing sunlight and using that light energy
to create an electrical current. There are
many photovoltaic cells within a single solar
panel, and the current created by all of
the cells together adds up to enough
electricity to help power your home.

The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell

requires three basic attributes:
• The absorption of light, generating either
electron-hole pairs or excitons.
• The separation of charge carriers of
opposite types.
• The separate extraction of those carriers to
an external circuit
FILL FACTOR
1) Vmp, Imp is rectangular area as encompassed
with respect to the operating weak power point
2) A idea of goodness of cell more closer this area is
to Voc, Isc rectangle
3) the ratio gives goodness of pv cell can be comuted
from data sheet

= 30.18v × 36.72 I
36.72v× 8.99
= 0.73
-It will say it fill factor is 0.5 is very bad cell
-If fill factor is between 0.8-0.85 the cell is very good
-so the fill factor is generally calculated to measure
quality / goodness of cell
 EFFICIENCY & PEAK POWER

𝑃0
𝛿=
𝑃𝑖𝑛
The PV cell capable of giving in particular installation is this peak power.
So we will call as
𝑃𝑚
∴ 𝛿=
𝑃 𝑖𝑛

𝑉 𝑚 𝐼𝑚
We know, ∴ 𝛿=
𝑃 𝑖𝑛

=> Standard insolation => 1 kw/m2

= 1 kw/m2 (Area of panel)

¿ 1 kw / m 2 ×(60 ×0.156 𝑚× 0.156 𝑚)

𝑃 𝑖𝑛=1.46 kW

Cell efficiency from datasheet is

So we find peak power
𝑃 0= 𝑃𝑚 ( max 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 )= 𝛿 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 × 𝑃 𝑖𝑛
16.5
¿ ×1.46 𝑘𝑊
100
Peak Power
Cell efficiency by call it as efficiency subscript cell given by output power

delivered by PV cell to incident input solar power 𝑃0

𝛿𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=
𝑃 𝑖𝑛
also written as ,
𝑃𝑚
𝛿𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=
𝑃 𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝑚
𝛿𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ×𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝑃𝑚
𝛿𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=
𝐿× 𝐴 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝑉 𝑚𝑝 𝐼 𝑚𝑝
𝛿𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=
𝐿× 𝐴 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

We can also return as this is formula that we calculate efficiency of the Cell.
 SOLAR CAPACITYS IN
WORLD

 With an expected 150 GW of fresh solar capacity

to be added in 2021, solar will continue to
strengthen its place as the biggest contributor to
fresh capacity additions worldwide in 2021.

 With almost 40 GW added in 2020, numbers that

defied multiple predictions of hits from the
Coronavirus pandemic, markets such as the US,
Australia, and China in particular have surprised
on the upside in 2020  with strong capacity
additions.

 In the case of the US and even China and Japan,

some of the rush was due to the expiry of
subsidies on various categories. Nevertheless,
the numbers have been a huge boost for global
solar manufacturers, one of the reasons they
have gone for a massive expansion spree  in 
China.
 TYPES OF SOLAR CELL BASED ON CRYSTAL
USED

1.Monocrystalline silicon cells

The Monocrystalline silicon cell is produced from pure silicon (single crystal).
Since the Monocrystalline silicon is pure and defect free, the efficiency of cell will be
higher.

2. Polycrystalline silicon cells

In polycrystalline solar cell, liquid silicon is used as raw material and
polycrystalline silicon was obtained followed by solidification process. The materials
contain various crystalline sizes. Hence, the efficiency of this type of cell is less than
Monocrystalline cell.

3. Amorphous silicon cells

Amorphous silicon is obtained by depositing silicon film on the substrate like
glass plate. The layer thickness amounts to less than 1um – the thickness of a human hair
for comparison is 50-100 µm. The efficiency of amorphous cells is much lower than that of
the other two cell types. As a result, they are used mainly in low power equipment, such as
watches and pocket calculators, or as facade elements.
 Monocrystalline silicon cell

 Polycrystalline silicon cell

 Amorphous silicon cells

 BASIC CALCULATION

 1 hour energy from the  sun = 1 year of Power for the global population. 
 A cloudy location (like Hamburg, Germany) receives 2.5 hours per day of sunlight
each year. 

 A sunny location (Ike Los Angeles, California, US) receives an average of 5.5 hours
of sunlight per day each year. 

 A kilowatt peak solar system generates around: 

 1,600 kilowatt hours per year in a sunny climate. 
 750 kilowatt hours per year in a cloudy climate. 
 One kilowatt-hour (kWh) = the amount of electricity needed to burn a 100 watt light
bulb for 10 hours. 

 Solar modules produce electricity even on cloudy days, usually around 10-20% of the
amount produced on sunny days. 

 A solar energy system can provide electricity 24 hours a day when the solar electric
modules are combined with batteries in one integrated energy system.
 CONCLUSION

•Solar energy Relatively Generate Less Waste 

•Reduce electricity Source 
•Low maintenance cost 
•Solar energy Storage is relatively less 
•There is huge scope in development of solar energy
•Saving of land , this project is very successful one.
•The extra energy can be provided to the grid.
•This can provide electricity without any power cut problem.
•Solar cell is very useful, particularly in a time when we are
concerned about greenhouse gas emissions from other energy
sources.
 REFRENC
ES

• https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mse/2018/7329014/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency
• https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/solar-
cell-efficiency
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/solar-cell
• https://www.electrical4u.com/solar-cell/
• https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/fill-fa
ctor
• https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Photovoltaic_system
THANK
YOU