HISTORY & CIVICS

INTRODUCTION
NAME- Kunshdeep singh
CLASS- 9TH
section- smk

TOPIC- MAKE A PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

OF INVENTIONS AND INNOVATION AS A RESULT
OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 THE BEGINING OF
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century,

when agricultural societies became more
industrialized and urban. The transcontinental
railroad, the cotton gin, electricity and other
inventions permanently changed society.
Inventions of the Industrial
Revolution

Steam Engine
Flying Shuttle
Spinning Jenny
Water Frame
Spinning Mule
Power Loom
Cotton Gin
Telegraph communications
  Steam Engine
In Britain in the 17th century, primitive
steam engines were used to pump water out
of mines. In 1765 Scottish inventor James
Watt’s, building on earlier
improvementsames Watt’s, increased the
efficiency of steam pumping engines by
adding a separate condenser, and in 1781 he
designed a machine to rotate a shaft rather
than generate the up-and-down motion of a
pump. With further improvements in the
1780s, Watt’s engine became a primary
power source in paper mills, flour mills,
cotton mills, iron mills, distilleries, canals,
and waterworks, making Watt a wealthy
man.
 The steam locomotive
British engineer Richard Trevithick is generally recognized as
the inventor of the steam railway locomotive (1803), an
application of the steam engine that Watt himself had once
dismissed as impractical. Trevithick also adapted his engine to
propel a barge by turning paddle wheels and to operate a
dredger. Trevithick’s engine, which generated greater power
than Watt’s by operating at higher pressures, soon became
common in industrial applications in Britain, displacing Watt’s
less-efficient design. The first steam-powered locomotive to
carry paying passengers was the Active (later renamed
the Locomotion), designed by English engineer  George
Stephenson, which made its maiden run in 1825
 Flying shuttle  The flying shuttle was one of the key
developments in
the industrialization of weaving during
the early Industrial Revolution. It
allowed a single weaver to weave much
wider fabrics, and it could be
mechanized, allowing for automatic
machine looms. The flying shuttle,
which was patented by John Kay (1704–
c. 1779) in 1733, greatly sped up the
previous hand process and halved the
labour force. Where a broad-cloth loom
previously required a weaver on each
side, it could now be worked by a single
operator. Until this point, the textile
industry had required four spinners to
service one weaver. Kay's innovation, in
wide use by the 1750s, greatly increased
this disparity.
The flying shuttle dominated commercial weaving
through the middle of the twentieth century. By
that time, other systems had begun to replace it.
The heavy shuttle was noisy and energy-inefficient
(since the energy used to throw it was largely lost
in the catching); also, its inertia limited the speed
of the loom. Projectile and rapier looms eliminated
the need to take the bobbin/pirn of thread through
the shed; later, air- and water-jet looms reduced
the weight of moving parts further. Flying shuttle
looms are still used for some purposes, and old
models remain in use.
 Spinning Jenny
The spinning jenny was invented by James
Hargreaves. He was born in Oswaldtwistle,
near Blackburn, around 1720. Blackburn
was a town with a population of about
5,000, known for the production of
"Blackburn greys," cloths of linen warp and
cotton weft initially imported from India.
They were usually sent to London to be
printed.
At the time, cotton production could not
keep up with demand of the textile industry,
and Hargreaves spent some time
considering how to improve the process.
The flying shuttle (JohnKay 1733) had
increased yarn demand by the weavers by
doubling theirproductivity,and now the
spinning jenny could supply that demand
by increasing the spinners' productivity
even more. The machine produced coarse
thread.
In the 17th century, England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth. That
industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as Norwich which jealously
protected their product. Cotton processing was tiny: in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds
(900,775 kg) of cotton-wool was imported into England, and by 1730 this had fallen to
1,545,472 pounds (701,014 kg). This was due to commercial legislation (Calico Acts) to
protect the woollen industry. Cheap calico prints, imported by the East India
Company from "Hindustan", became popular. In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed
to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India, China or Persia. This
caused grey cloth (calico that hadn't been finished - dyed or printed) to be imported
instead, and these were printed in southern England with popular patterns. Lancashire
businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft, which they sent to
London to be finished. Cotton-wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to
1701 levels. Again the woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from
workers in Coventry.  Another law was passed, to fine anyone caught wearing printed or
stained calico; muslins, neckcloths and fustians were exempted. It was this exemption
that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited.
The use of coloured cotton weft, with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester
Act. There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth. In 1764, 3,870,392 pounds
(1,755,580 kg) of cotton-wool was imported.
 Water frame
The water frame is a spinning frame that
is powered by a water-wheel. Water frames
in general have existed since Ancient
Egypt times. Richard Arkwright, who
patented the technology in 1769,  designed
a model for the production of cotton thread;
this was first used in 1765. The Arkwright
water frame was able to spin 96 threads at a
time, which was an easier and faster method
than ever before.  The design was partly
based on a spinning machine built
for Thomas Highs by clockmaker John
Kay, who was hired by Arkwright.  Being run
on water power, it produced stronger and
harder yarn than the then-famous
"spinning jenny", and propelled the
adoption of the modern factory system
The name water frame is derived from the use of a
water wheel to drive a number of spinning frames.
The water wheel provided more power to the
spinning frame than human operators, reducing the
amount of human labor needed and increasing the
spindle count dramatically. However, unlike the
spinning jenny, the water frame could spin only one
thread at a time until Samuel Compton combined
the two inventions into his spinning mule in 1779,
which was more effective.
 Spinning mule
The spinning mule is a machine used to
spin cotton and other fibres. They were used
extensively from the late 18th to the early 20th
century in the mills of Lancashire and
elsewhere. Mules were worked in pairs by a
minder, with the help of two boys: the little
piecer and the big or side piecer. The carriage
carried up to 1,320 spindles and could be 150
feet (46 m) long, and would move forward and
back a distance of 5 feet (1.5 m) four times a
minute.  It was invented between 1775 and 1779
by Samuel Crompton. The self-acting
(automatic) mule was patented by  Roberts in
1825. At its peak there were 50,000,000 mule
spindles in Lancashire alone. Modern versions
are still in niche production and are used to
spin woollen yarns from noble fibres such
as cashmere, ultra-fine merino and alpaca for
the knitware market.
The spinning mule spins textile fibers
into yarn by an intermittent process.  In the
draw stroke, the roving is pulled through
rollers and twisted; on the return it is
wrapped onto the spindle. Its rival,
the throstle frame or ring frame uses a
continuous process, where the roving is
drawn, twisted and wrapped in one action.
The mule was the most common spinning
machine from 1790 until about 1900 and
was still used for fine yarns until the early
1980s. In 1890, a typical cotton mill would
have over 60 mules, each with 1,320
 POWER LOOM
A power loom is a mechanized loom, and
was one of the key developments in
the industrialization of weaving during the
early Industrial Revolution. The first power
loom was designed in 1786 by Edmund
Cartwright and first built that same year. It
was refined over the next 47 years until a
design by the Howard and Bullough
company made the operation completely
automatic. This device was designed in 1834
by James Bullough and William Kenworthy,
and was named the Lancashire loom.
By the year 1850, there were a total of
around 260,000 power loom operations in
England.
In 1802 English cotton manufacturer William Horrocks
of Stockport patented an improved power loom. It
featured a better way to wind the woven cloth onto a
rear beam on the loom. During the next 20 years further
improvements appeared. Early in the nineteenth century
a vast number of English factory owners began to use
Cartwright's power loom, which had been modified with
basic design improvements from Horrocks and
other inventors. By 1818 in the areas surrounding
Manchester, there were 14 factories with a combined
total of 2,000 power looms. Three years later the
number of northern English factories had increased to
32 mills and with 5,732 power looms in use. By 1850
over 250,000 cotton power looms were used in Great
Britain, of which nearly 177,000 were in Lancashire
county.
 Cottin Gin A cotton gin—meaning "cotton engine"—is a
machine that quickly and easily
separates cotton fibers from their seeds,
enabling much greater productivity than
manual cotton separation. The fibers are then
processed into various cotton goods such
as calico , while any undamaged cotton is used
largely for textiles like clothing. The separated
seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to
produce cottonseed oil.
Handheld roller gins had been used in
the Indian subcontinent since at earliest AD
500 and then in other regions.  The Indian
worm-gear roller gin, invented sometime
around the 16th century, has, according to
Lakwete, remained virtually unchanged up to
the present time. A modern mechanical
cotton gin was created by American
inventor Eli Whitney in 1793 and patented in
1794.
The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull
the cotton through a series of "ginning ribs", which
pull the fibers from the seeds which are too large to
pass through the ribs. The cleaned seed is then
removed from the gin via an auger
conveyor system. The seed is reused for planting or
is sent to an oil mill to be further processed
into cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal. The lint
cleaners again use saws and grid bars, this time to
separate immature seeds and any remaining
foreign matter from the fibers. The bale press then
compresses the cotton into bales for storage and
shipping. Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes
(33,000 lb) of cotton per hour.
 Telegraph communications
The telegraph was a revolutionary method
of communication.
By transmitting information quickly over
long distances, the telegraph facilitated the
growth in the railroads, consolidated
financial and commodity markets, and
reduced information costs within and
between firms.
 Previous telegraph systems required visual
contact between the two locations and the
waving of flags to send messages, or people
had to literally deliver the message via vehicle.
telegraph, any device or system that allows
the transmission of information by coded signal over
distance. Many telegraphic systems have been used
over the centuries, but the term is most often
understood to refer to the electric telegraph, which
was developed in the mid-19th century and for more
than 100 years was the principal means of
transmitting printed information by wire or radio
wave. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph
lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement
of people and ideas, which culminated in a new
wave of globalization. In the same time period, new
technological systems were introduced, most
significantly electrical power and telephones.